Methods of Engineering Analysis:

Methods of Engineering Analysis

Experimental Methods
Analytical Methods Numerical Methods

Strain Photo
SOM TOE Gauge Elasticity Holography Finite Element
Solution of
Methods
Diff equation

Finite Numerical
Difference integration
Techniques
Methods
 Methods of Engineering Analysis:

STEPS IN FEM

1. IDEALIZATION
In order to minimize the cost and time required for
performing the analysis an analyst need to optimize the resources.
Idealization will assist us in optimizing the resources.

In case of the existence of symmetry reduce the problem siz e, geometry,

loading, material, support.
2. DISCRETIZATION

It is a good practice to keep the analysis domain in the first quadrant.

FE ELEMENTS:

Element Shape

Shape function: These are simple functions which are chosen to

approximate the variation of displacement within an element in terms of
the displacement at the nodes of the element.

Type of shape functions

One dimensional or two dimensional and Three dimensional Elements

IsoParametric ,subparametric ,superparatric……...

One dimensional elements:

-1RGH
-1RGH4 XDGUDWLF -1RGHFXELF

Examples :Beam and Truss Elements,Mass element

Material Properties:
Structural Material Property:

* Young’s Modulous

* Poisson’s Ratio

* Density

* Co-efficient of Linear expansion

Thermal Material Properties:

* Thermal conductivity & specificate

These are the properties which will vary with respect to temperature.
Loading:
Concentrated load

Distributed load of different types

Body force-centrifugal, gravity, magnetic

RESTRAINED BOUNDARY CONDITION’S:

How the structure is held?

-mathematically represented
In stress analysis problem, rigid body displacements(translation and rotation)should be expelled.
To achieve this the restrains are to be judiciously provided.
Solving For Unknown Displacement,Strain,Stresses…

*Equations of equilibrium are solved for nodal displacements

*The stress and stains are obtained by elemental properties

Calculation of Factor of Safety for the design

*By applying theories of failures

Basic Steps in Finite Element Analysis:
1.Discretize the give Continuum
2.Select the Solution Approximation
3. Develop Element Matrices And ?Equations
4. Assemble the element equations
5. Solve for the unknowns at the Nodes
6. Interpret the Result
Decisions That Practitioners of the FEM have to Make

•The type of Analysis

•The Number of Nodes
•The number of Elements
•The degree of freedom
•The element shape and type
•The material type
•The interpretation of Result
Advantage of FEM:

•Complexities in geometry,applied loads and bc,can be handled easily

•Less costly than Practical methods
•The system of matrix equations governing the behavior can be formed
automatically and solved efficiently irrespective of the complexities of the
practical design
•Less time
•It is very simple to understand n and the procedure is easy to use
•Complex Material Model can be handled
•Thermal Stress Analysis
•Temperature dependent Material properties can handled
Applications FEM:

Mechanical /Aerospace/civil/Automobile Engineering

Structure analysis(Static,dynamic,linear,nonlinear
Thermal fluid flows
Electromagnetic
Geo-mechanics
bio-mechanics
etc….
.
 FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE

PHYSICAL PROBLEM Change of physical

INTRODUCTION problems
Mathematical model governed by D.E.
assumption on
• Geometry Improve mathematical
• Kinematics model
• Material law
• Loading
• Bc’S etc.

Finite element solution choice of

•Finite elements
Refine mesh solution
•Mesh density parameters etc.
Finite element •Solution parameters
solution of
•Representation of loading and Bc’s
mathematical
model

Assessment of accuracy of FE solutions of

mathematical model

Interpretation of results Refine analysis

Design improvements structural optimization

Nature ofFinite Element Solutions

FE Model- Amathematical modelofthe real structure,based

on many approximations
Real Structure- Infinite number of nodes(Physical points or
particles),thus infinite numberofDOF’s
FEModel-finite number ofnodes,thusfinite number of DOF’s

Stiffening Effect:
•FE Model is stiffer than the real structure.
•In general,displacement results are smaller in magnitudes than the exact values
Hence, FEM solution of displacement provides alower bound of the exact
solution

Disp

No of DOF’s

•The FEM solution approaches the exact solution as shown above

•This is true for displacement based FEA only
Commercially available FEM Software's
• ANSYS
• SDRC/IDEAS
• NASTRAN
• ABAQUS
• COSMOS
• ALGOR
• HYPERMESH
• LS-DYNA
 Title and objective
• Title:- Design verification of roll cage ( car)

• Objective:- -To predict the design factor of

safety of the roll cage
 Acceptance criteria
• Design factor of safety with respect to yield
strength > 1.5
 Vehicle 3-D-Lay out
ROLL CAGE

ENGINE

TRANSMISSION

SUSPENSION

WHEEL

STERRING

DRIVER SEAT
 Material properties
Cold rolled closed annealed steel tube
• Tensile strength 300MPa
• Yield strength 250MPa
• %elongation 32
• Hardness 57 HRB
• Young's modulus 2.1e11N/M2
• Poisons ratio 0.3

Cold rolled closed annealed steel sheet

• Tensile strength 250MPa
• Yield strength 200MPa
• Young's modulus 2.1e11N/M2
• Poisons ratio 0.3
 Loads and boundary conditions
3g gravity load applied along with the displacement boundary conditions as
Shown below

3G gravity loading

Displacement constraints

Engine, transmission, driver weight is condidered as lumped mass

Stress contours
Max stress – 120 MPa

Max stress – 150 MPa

 Results and conclusion
• Design FOS = 1.666 for both cold role sheet and tube

• Since the factor of saftey is >1.5. the design is

safe