 NAME: Muhammad Zaid Khan

 ROLL NO: 20PG055

 SUBJECT: Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering
 TEACHER: Dr Aftab Ahmed Mahesar
 DATE: 28/03/2021
Role of geology in petroleum
engineering
 Presentation Outline
1. What Is Petroleum Engineering?
2. Introduction to Geology.
3. Petroleum Geology
4. Rocks and its types.
5. Petroleum Geology Of Pakistan.
 What Is Petroleum Engineering?

• Petroleum Engineering is the field of engineering that deals with the

exploration, extraction and production of oil.
• It also deals with the production of Natural Gas production.
• It is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the
production of hydrocarbons, which can either be Crude Oil or Natural Gas.
 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY

• Geology is the study of the earth (geo means earth, and ology 

means study of ).
• The science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth,
the rocks of which it is composed, and the physical, chemical, and
biological changes that the earth has undergone or is undergoing.
 Petroleum Geology
• Petroleum geology is the study of origin, occurrence, movement,
accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific
set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons
(oil exploration).
• It is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for
and production of oil and gas.
Petroleum geology involves the analysis
of:
1. Source rocks that are rich in organic matter – the source of oil
and natural gas.
2. Geological structures and stratigraphic layers that permit
accumulations of petroleum to form in the subsurface (traps
and seals).
3. The characteristics of porous subsurface rock formations that
store oil and natural gas (petroleum reservoirs). 
 Rock and its types
• What is rock?
A rock is a naturally occurring solid substance that is normally made of
minerals.
• Rocks fall into these three groups:
1. Igneous Rocks.
2. Sedimentary Rocks.
3. Metamorphic Rocks.
 Igneous rocks
• Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock deep
inside the Earth.
• Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and
solidification of magma or lava.
• The igneous form of rocks does not include any
fossil deposits.
• These rocks include: basalt, dacite, rhyolite etc.
 Sedimentary rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-
existing rocks or pieces of once-living
organisms.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed from
layers of sand, silt, dead plants.
• Oil and Gas are found in sedimentary
rocks.
• It is usually found in sedimentary rocks
such as sandstone or limestone or shale.
• For example, sedimentary rocks
such as shale can contain large
amounts of kerogen that can be
extracted to obtain oil. This type
of shale is known as oil shale.
Natural gas can also be trapped in
shale, and this type of gas is
known as shale gas.
 Metamorphic rocks
• Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or
sedimentary rocks, but have been changed
(metamorphosed) as a result of intense heat
and/or pressure within the Earth's crust.
• Common metamorphic rocks include schist,
gneiss and marble.
 exploration techniques
1. Geological prospecting method.
2. Geochemical prospecting method.
3. Geophysical prospecting method.
Geophysical is further divided into three techniques:
• Gravity prospecting.
• Magnetic prospecting.
• Seismic prospecting.
 Petroleum Geology of pakistan
• Pakistan contains two sedimentary basins, the Indus Basin and the Baluchistan
Basin. These basins, separated by a major fracture zone, the axial belt,
collectively occupy an area of about 828,000 square kilometres. The Indus
Basin is an extensively explored area and is the only basin, so far, from where
oil and gas is produced.
• Historical data suggests that only 10-20% of the total sedimentary area of
Pakistan has been explored and a large part of the country is still either frontier
or remains under-explored.