Slides SPCTraining 2BuildingBasics

 x
X
s 
Section 2
Section 2

SETTING UP SOME BASICS
n R

Version 1.1 – 6/2004 Copyright © Ford Motor Company, 2004
R
Review of Section 1 - Overview
Topics Covered
Quality Tools
Re-vitalization of Data Driven Management and Processes
SPC Relationship to QOS Level Audits
SPC in 6-Sigma (DMAIC)
Tolerance Stack-up
Benefits of Control Charts
What can we learn from SPC?
Costs of using or not using SPC?
Will it be a “Quality-of-Event” or Wallpaper?
A Simple Process vs. Concern Prevention
y=f(x) – Outputs are a function of inputs
Data Types
Variable Data
Attribute Data
S tatistical
P rocess
Section 1 Topics Covered
C ontrol
Section 2 – Setting Up the Basics
Topics to be Covered
Gage R&R and Measurement System Analysis (MSA)
Data Distribution Types
Normal
Skewed
Bimodal
Introduction of our Bowling Example – Scores & Averages
Histogram
Why is it OK to sample a process?
Central Limit Theorem
Central Tendency
Mean, Median, and Mode
Dispersion of Data
Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution
Samples vs. the Population
Gaussian Distribution Percentages
Common Cause vs. Special Cause
S tatistical Variable Data – Building Blocks
P rocess
Section 2 Topics to be Covered
C ontrol
What is Important for a RELIABLE Measurement?
Measurement System Analysis
The understanding of Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility,

Bias, Linearity and Measurement Error
As performed WITHIN the ACTUAL SYSTEM
Using the ACTUAL OPERATORS
To ensure that the entire Measurement System
is Capable of generating VALID DATA.
S tatistical
P rocess
Making Decisions using Sample Data
C ontrol
NORMAL Distribution
Skewed Distribution
Skewed RIGHT Skewed LEFT
Bimodal Distribution
S tatistical
P rocess
C ontrol
Bowling Scores
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GAME 1
9 9 6 8 9 8 9
20 39 48 66 74 103122131 151 180
GAME 2
9 9 8 8 9 9 4 9
9 18 46 64 72 91 100109 128 138
GAME 3
5 8 8
20 30 30 50 80 110138158 178 208
Total Score for the Night = 180 + 138 + 208 = 526
Average for the Night = 526 / 3 games =
175.33
S tatistical
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Bowling Scores
Week # Game 1 Game 2 Game 3
1 180 138 208
Question:
2 170 167 198 Is it easy to tell
3 178 145 187 from looking at
4 165 115 159 these weekly scores
5 181 140 178 whether our Bowler is
6 199 165 189
getting better or worse?
7 150 121 216
8 145 145 160
9 154 165 163 Answer:
10 160 159 165 Not Really… Many raw
11 170 169 165
numbers are impossible
12 169 167 171
to interpret and
13 170 173 175
summarize in the
14 175 180 172
15 190 155 170 average person’s mind
16 170 173 175 (unless you’re Raymond
S tatistical Babbitt - Rainman).
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Bowling Scores + Averages
Week # Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Weekly
Average
1 180 138 208 175.33
Question:
2 170 167 198 178.33
3 178 145 187 170
Is it easier to
4 165 115 159 146.33 interpret if we
5 181 140 178 166.33 include a Weekly
6 199 165 189 184.33 Average?
7 150 121 216 163
8 170 145 160 158.33
9 154 165 163 160.67 Answer:
10 160 159 165 161.33 Maybe a little bit,
11 170 169 165 168 but it is still difficult
12 169 167 171 169
to see anything
13 170 173 175 172.67
14 175 180 175 175.67
specific.
15 190 155 172 171.67
16 170 173 175 172.67
S tatistical 1st Half 171.94 154.81 178.31
P rocess Average
Histogram
C ontrol
Version 1.1 – 6/2004
Weekly Average = ( Game 1 + Game 2 + Game 3 ) / 3
Copyright © Ford Motor Company, 2004
EXERCISE
AVERAGES
Exercise 2.1
Get used to the Calculator

S tatistical
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Bowling Scores – Plotting the Scores
Question: Answer: Question: Answer:

If we lay the Scores out YES Do we know if our NO, Not Yet
in a Histogram, can we Bowler is getting better
see any specific shape or worse over time?
starting to take form?
120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215
S tatistical
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Bowling Scores – Plotting the Averages
Question: Answer: Question: Answer:

If we lay the Averages YES Do we know if our NO, Not Yet
out in a Histogram, Bowler is getting better
can we see any specific or worse over time?
shape starting to take
form?
120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215
S tatistical What is this Distribution type called? 

P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
EXERCISE
HISTOGRAM
Exercise 2.2
S tatistical
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Our Bowler’s Scores
NORMAL Distribution represent a Normal
Distribution, and so
do the Averages.
What would happen
Skewed Distribution if they didn’t? 
Skewed RIGHT Skewed LEFT
Bimodal Distribution
S tatistical
P rocess
C ontrol
Definition:
The distribution of Means of independent samples from any distribution with finite
mean and variance, will converge to the normal distribution as the sample size goes to
infinity.
BASICALLY – The averages of groupings of samples from a Normal OR Non-Normal
population will move toward a Normal distribution as more data is collected and
analyzed.
Distributions of
Samples of the
Population Data Population
S tatistical
P rocess
This allows us to rely on SAMPLE DATA to make DECISIONS?
C ontrol
Variable Data - Building Blocks
Central Tendency Dispersion

Mean - Average Range – Difference between
Highest and Lowest (in the
set of samples taken)
Median – 50% Above
and 50% below the
Standard Deviation –
Midpoint
A Measure of Dispersion
The Mean +/- 3 Standard
Mode – Most Deviations = 99.73% of the
data
Frequently Occurring
Used the most frequently Variance – Std. Dev. squared
in “our” data world.
S tatistical
P rocess
Variable Data
C ontrol
Bowling Scores – Central Tendency
Mean - Average
Median – 50% Above and 50% below the Midpoint
Mode – Most Frequently Occurring
Underlined items are

used the most frequently
in “our” SPC data world.
120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215
-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3

S tatistical Mean = 168.35
Median = 170
Mode = 170
P rocess
SPC Building Blocks
C ontrol
EXERCISE
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE

Exercise 2.3
S tatistical
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Bowling Scores – Dispersion
Range – Difference between Highest and Lowest
A Measure of Dispersion
The Mean +/- 3 Standard Deviations = 99.73% of
the data (see next slide)
115 Variance – Std. Dev. squared 216
Range = 216 – 115 = 101
120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215
-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3

S tatistical Underlined items are
P rocess used the most frequently
SPC Building Blocks
C ontrol
Version 1.1 – 6/2004
in “our” SPC data world.
Copyright © Ford Motor Company, 2004

Bowling Scores – Dispersion
Range – Difference between Highest and Lowest
A Measure of Dispersion (Spread)
The Mean +/- 3 Standard Deviations = 99.73% of
the data (see next slide)
Variance – Std. Dev. squared

Underlined items are
used the most frequently
in “our” data world.
120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215
-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3
S tatistical Mean = 168.35

P rocess Standard Deviation =  SPC Building Blocks
C ontrol
EXERCISE
RANGE
Exercise 2.4a
STANDARD DEVIATION
Exercise 2.4b
S tatistical
P rocess
Histogram
C ontrol
Normal Distribution
68.27% of the Population
Falls between the
Why is it important to understand
–1 and +1
the shape of our data?
95.45% of the Population 
Falls between the
–2 and +2
99.73% of the Population

Falls between the
–3 and +3

etc.

        

S tatistical
P rocess
C ontrol
Variable Data - Building Blocks
X (X-bar) – Average value calculated from a set of data (subgroup).
 – Mean – Average value – Represents the average of the population.
X (X-double bar) – The average of subgroup averages on an X-Bar Chart.
R – Range - Difference between Highest and Lowest (in the set of samples taken).
The subgroup range.
R – R-bar – The average of the Range values on the R Chart.
s – Standard Deviation – The Sample Standard Deviation within subgroups.

Deviation of measured data from the calculated mean value. (sample)
 – Standard Deviation – The standard deviation of the distribution of individual

values of a process characteristic. (population)
S tatistical
n – The number of individuals in a subgroup.
P rocess
Variable Data
C ontrol k – The number of subgroups.
Section 2 – Setting Up the Basics
Topics Covered
Gage R&R and Measurement System Analysis (MSA)
Normal
Skewed
Bimodal
Introduction of our Bowling Example – Scores & Averages
Histogram
Why is it OK to sample a process?
Central Tendency
Mean, Median, and Mode
Dispersion of Data
Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution
Samples vs. the Population
Common Cause vs. Special Cause
S tatistical Variable Data – Building Blocks
P rocess
Review of Section 2
C ontrol

Slides SPCTraining 2BuildingBasics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Slides SPCTraining 2BuildingBasics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 x

The understanding of Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility,

Get used to the Calculator

Question: Answer: Question: Answer:

Question: Answer: Question: Answer:

S tatistical What is this Distribution type called? 

Skewed RIGHT Skewed LEFT

Central Tendency Dispersion

Underlined items are

-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3

MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE

-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3

Copyright © Ford Motor Company, 2004

Variance – Std. Dev. squared

-3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3

S tatistical Mean = 168.35

99.73% of the Population

 – Mean – Average value – Represents the average of the population.

X (X-double bar) – The average of subgroup averages on an X-Bar Chart.

R – R-bar – The average of the Range values on the R Chart.

s – Standard Deviation – The Sample Standard Deviation within subgroups.

 – Standard Deviation – The standard deviation of the distribution of individual

You might also like