CORRUPTION

INTRODUCTION
• Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person
entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal
benefit.
• Corruption may include many activities including bribery and
embezzlement, through it may also involves practices that are legal in
many countries.
• Government or political curruption occurs when an office holder or
other governmental employee act in an official capacity for personal
gain.
 CATAGORIES OF CORRUPTION

• Individual corruption
Only a single person or official is involved in
practicing bribing.This type of corruption seen in the
government office and institution.
• Group corruption
A group of people work as until to practice bribing.
 TYPES OF CORRUPTION

1. Petty corruption
2. State corruption
 PETTY CORRUPTION

• Petty corruption refers to everyday abuse of entrusted power by low

and mid-level public officials in their interactions with ordinary
citizens, who often are trying to access basic goods or services in places
like hospitals, schools, police departments and other agencies.
 STATE CORRUPTION

• Political corruption can be of two forms.

• The first one in which includes both accumulation and extraction and
where government officials use and abuse there hold on power to
extract from the private sector, from government revenues and from
the economy at large.
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF
CORRUPTION, AS DESCRIBED IN THE UNITED NATION
ANTICORRUPTION TOOLKIT:

• Bribary
• Embezzlement, theft and fraud
• Extortion
• Abuse of discretion
• Favouritism, nepotism and clientelism
• Conduct creating or exploiting conflicting interests
• Improper political contributions
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF CORRUPTION :

• Gap between group and individual interest

• Two or more parties since one can hardly be corrupt with one’s own self
• Consenting adults that have a common understanding
• Benefit furtherance
• Existence of power that could be grabbed, unsurped, entrusted or otherwise
available
• Misuse of the power that often drives a wedge between intended and stated
positions, for unintended benefits
 CAUSES OF CORRUPTION
According to a 2017 survey study, the following factors have been attributed as causes
of corruption.
• Higher level of bureaucracy and inefficient administrative structures.
• Low level of democracy, weak civil participation and low political transparency
• Low press freedom
• Low economic freedom
• Large ethnic division and high levels of in-group favoritism
• Gender inequality
• Large government size
• Low level of government decentralization
• Low level of market and political competition
• Resources wealth
• Proverty
• Political instability
• Weak property rights
• Low level of education
• Low internet access
• Contagion from corrupt neighboring countries
 IMPACT OF CORRUPTION

• Hinders social and economic development and increases poverty by diverting

domestic and foreign investment away from where it are most needed
• Weakens education and health systems, depriving people of the basic building
blocks of a decent life
• Undermines democracy by distorting electoral processes and undermining
government institutions, which can lead to political instability
• Exacerbates inequality and injustice by preventing the rule of law and punishing
victims of crime through corrupt rulings
 NO 1 CORRUPTION STATE IN INDIA

• The indian state with highest reported corruption cases in 2020 was
Maharashtra, with 664 cases.
• This was followed by Rajasthan with 363 reported corruption cases.
 HOW TO REMOVE CORRUPTION

• Laws fixing accountability and encouraging transparency combined with efficient

judiciary and free press provide ideal atmosphere to tackle the menace of
corruption.
 SEVEN-POINT AGENDA WHICH MAKES
ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES MORE EFFECTIVE:

• Join with international efforts

• Establish benchmarks of qualities
• Strengthen the civil service
• Encourage codes of conduct in the private sector
• Establish the right to information
• Exploit new technology
• Support citizen action