Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the

following questions:

1) Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?

2) List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
3) Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed,
what must be changed as well?
4) Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are
adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
5) The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.
Why is this?
Questions / Comments
 Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:

1) Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?

2) List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
3) Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed,
what must be changed as well?
4) Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are
adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
5) The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.
Why is this?
 Secondary Flight Controls
Trim Systems
• Trim systems are used to
relieve the pilot of the need
to maintain constant
pressure on the flight
controls, and usually
consist of flight deck
controls and small hinged
devices attached to the
trailing edge of one or
more of the primary flight
control surfaces.
 Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:

1) Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?

2) List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
3) Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed,
what must be changed as well?
4) Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are
adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
5) The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.
Why is this?
 Secondary Flight Controls
Trim Systems
• Common types of trim
systems include:

• Trim tabs, balance tabs,

antiservo tabs, ground
adjustable tabs, and an
adjustable stabilizer.
 Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:

1) Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?

2) List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
3) Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed,
what must be changed as well?
4) Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are
adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
5) The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.
Why is this?
 Secondary Flight Controls
Trim Tabs
• Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is
changed, expect that retrimming will be necessary to
relieve the control pressures for the new flight
condition.
 Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:

1) Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?

2) List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
3) Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed,
what must be changed as well?
4) Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are
adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
5) The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.
Why is this?
 Secondary Flight Controls
Ground Adjustable Tabs
• Many small aircraft have a
nonmovable metal trim tab
on the rudder.

• This tab is bent in one

direction or the other while
on the ground to apply a trim
force to the rudder.

• The correct displacement is

determined by trial and
error.
 Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:

1) Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?

2) List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
3) Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed,
what must be changed as well?
4) Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are
adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
5) The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.
Why is this?
 Autopilot
• More advanced systems often
include a vertical speed and/or
indicated airspeed hold mode.

• Advanced autopilot systems are

coupled to navigational aids
through a flight director.

• The autopilot system also

incorporates a disconnect safety
feature to disengage the system
automatically or manually.
Questions / Comments
 THIS DAY IN AVIATION
 January 22

• 1943 — Allies defeat

Japanese at Sanananda
on New Guinea.
 THIS DAY IN AVIATION
 January 22

• 1959 — USAF study of

UFOs reveal fewer than
1% could be classified
unknown.
 THIS DAY IN AVIATION
 January 22

• 1971 — A USN Lockheed

P-3C “Orion” lands at the
Patuxent River NAS,
Maryland, after a flight of
15 hours 21 minutes from
Atsugi, Japan, setting a
nonstop distance record
for a turboprop-powered
aircraft of 7,010 miles.
Questions / Comments
 January 2014
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
1 2 3 4
             
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Chapter 5
Flight Controls Flight Controls Flight Controls
Primary Flight Ailerons Quiz
Controls Adverse Yaw
Elevators
Stabilators
             
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Chapter 5 Chapter 5 NO SCHOOL
Flight Controls Flight Controls
Canards Trim Systems
Flaps Autopilot
Chapter TEST
Grades Due
           
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
NO SCHOOL Chapter 6 Chapter 6
Aircraft Aircraft
Systems Systems
             
26 27 28 29 30 31
Chapter 6 Chapter 6
Aircraft Aircraft
Systems Systems
             
Questions / Comments
 Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Today’s Mission Requirements
 Mission:
 Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.
 Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary
aircraft systems.

 EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the
student pilot learning to fly.
 Aircraft Systems
Powerplant
• An aircraft engine, or
powerplant, produces
thrust to propel an
aircraft.
• Reciprocating engines
work in combination with
a propeller to produce
thrust.
• These powerplants also
drive the various systems
that support the operation
of an aircraft.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• Reciprocating engines operate
on the basic principle of
converting chemical energy
(fuel) into mechanical energy.

• This conversion occurs within

the cylinders of the engine
through the process of
combustion.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• The spark ignition

reciprocating engine has
served as the powerplant of
choice for many years.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• The main mechanical

components of the spark
ignition use cylindrical
combustion chambers and
pistons that travel the length
of the cylinders to convert
linear motion into the rotary
motion of the crankshaft.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• Spark ignition engines use a

spark plug to ignite a pre-
mixed fuel/air mixture.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• Engine designs can be further classified as:

• Cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—

radial, in-line, v-type, or opposed.

• Operating cycle—two or four.

• Method of cooling—liquid or air.

 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• Radial engines were widely
used during World War II
and many are still in service
today.

• With these engines, a row or

rows of cylinders are
arranged in a circular
pattern around the
crankcase.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• The main advantage of a

radial engine is the favorable
power-to-weight ratio.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• In-line engines have a
comparatively small frontal
area, but their power-to-
weight ratios are relatively
low.

• In addition, the rearmost

cylinders of an air-cooled,
in-line engine receive very
little cooling air.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• Continued improvements in
engine design led to the
development of the
horizontally-opposed engine
which remains the most
popular reciprocating
engines used on smaller
aircraft.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• These engines always have an
even number of cylinders,
since a cylinder on one side of
the crankcase “opposes” a
cylinder on the other side.

• The majority of these engines

are air cooled and usually are
mounted in a horizontal
position when installed on
fixed-wing airplanes.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• Opposed-type engines have
high power-to-weight ratios
because they have a
comparatively small,
lightweight crankcase.

• In addition, the compact

cylinder arrangement reduces
the engine’s frontal area and
allows a streamlined
installation that minimizes
aerodynamic drag.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• Spark ignition four-stroke
engines remain the most
common design used in
general aviation today.

• The main parts of a spark

ignition reciprocating engine
include the cylinders,
crankcase, and accessory
housing.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• The intake/exhaust valves,
spark plugs, and pistons are
located in the cylinders.

• The crankshaft and

connecting rods are located in
the crankcase.

• The magnetos are normally

located on the engine
accessory housing.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• In a four-stroke engine the
conversion of chemical energy
into mechanical energy
occurs over a four stroke
operating cycle.

• The intake, compression,

power, and exhaust processes
occur in four separate strokes
of the piston.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• 1. The intake stroke begins as

the piston starts its
downward travel.

• When this happens, the

intake valve opens and the
fuel/air mixture is drawn
into the cylinder.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• 2. The compression stroke
begins when the intake valve
closes and the piston starts
moving back to the top of the
cylinder.

• This phase of the cycle is

used to obtain a much
greater power output from
the fuel/air mixture once it
is ignited.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• 3. The power stroke begins
when the fuel/air mixture is
ignited.

• This causes a tremendous

pressure increase in the
cylinder, and forces the
piston downward away
from the cylinder head,
creating the power that
turns the crankshaft.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• 4. The exhaust stroke is used

to purge the cylinder of
burned gases.

• It begins when the exhaust

valve opens and the piston
starts to move toward the
cylinder head once again.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines

• The four-stroke cycle takes

place several hundred times
each minute.

• In a four-cylinder engine,
each cylinder operates on a
different stroke.
 Powerplants
Reciprocating Engines
• Continuous rotation of a
crankshaft is maintained by
the precise timing of the
power strokes in each
cylinder.

• Continuous operation of the

engine depends on the
simultaneous function of
auxiliary systems, including
the induction, ignition, fuel,
oil, cooling, and exhaust
systems.
 Class Summary - Powerplants
• An aircraft engine, or
powerplant, produces
thrust to propel an
aircraft.
• Reciprocating engines
work in combination with
a propeller to produce
thrust.
• These powerplants also
drive the various systems
that support the operation
of an aircraft.
 Class Summary - Powerplants
• Types of powerplants were
covered

• The basic operation of a 4-

stroke powerplant was
detailed
• Intake
• Compression
• Power
• Exhaust

• Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow

Questions / Comments
 Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1

3. List 3 things you 2. List 2 things you

learned today. have questions about
today’s lesson.

1. Create (1) quiz

question with
answer about
today’s lesson.