Rekayasa

Perangkat
Lunak
Pertemuan IV
Bab 4 – Proses Software & Project Metrics
Lord Kelvin
 “Bila anda dapat mengukur apa yang
sedang anda bicarakan dan
mengexpresikan dalam angka, berarti
anda memahaminya…dan bila tidak
berarti pengetahuan anda belum
lengkap…”
Pendahuluan
 [IEE93] : metric as “a quantitative measure of the degree
to which a system, component, or process possesses a
given attribute.”
 A software metric relates the individual measures in
some way (e.g., the average number of errors found per
review).
 A software engineer collects measures and develops
metrics so that indicators will be obtained.
 An indicator is a metric or combination of metrics that
provide insight into the software process, a software
project, or the product itself.
Metric Example
 Each (4) team must conduct design reviews but is allowed to
select the type of review that it will use.
 Upon examination of the metric, errors found per person-hour
expended, the project manager notices that the two teams using
more formal review methods exhibit an errors found per person-
hour expended that is 40 percent higher than the other teams.
 Assuming all other parameters equal, this provides the project
manager with an indicator that formal review methods may
provide a higher return on time investment than another, less
formal review approach.
 She may decide to suggest that all teams use the more formal
approach. The metric provides the manager with insight. And
insight leads to informed decision making.
Indikator proyek
 Memungkinkan manajer proyek :
1. Memperkirakan status proyek.
2. Menelusuri resiko-resiko potensial.
3. Menemukan area masalah sebelum semakin
kritis.
4. Menyesuaikan aliran kerja.
5. Mengevaluasi kemempuan tim & kontrol
kualitas atas hasil kerja RPL.
Penjelasan
 Process sits at the center of a triangle connecting three factors
that have a profound influence on software quality and
organizational performance.
 Skill & motivation of people has been shown to be the single most
influential factor in quality & performance.
 Complexity of the product can have a substantial impact on
quality and team performance.
 Technology (i.e., the software engineering methods) that populate
the process also has an impact.
 The process triangle exists within a circle of environmental
conditions that include the development environment (e.g., CASE
tools), business conditions (e.g., deadlines, business rules), and
customer characteristics (e.g., ease of communication).
Set of metrics
 Set of metrics based on the outcomes that can
be derived from the process.
 Outcomes include measures of :
 errorsuncovered before release of the software,
 defects delivered to and reported by end-users,
 work products delivered (productivity),
 human effort expended,
 calendar time expended,
 schedule conformance, and others.
Kesalahan & Cacat
 Kesalahan/ error = ketidaksempurnaan
yang ditemukan sebelum disampaikan
kepada end-user
 Cacat/ defect = ketidaksempurnaan yang
ditemukan sesudah disampaikan kepada
end-user
Penyebab Cacat/ Defects
The Intent Of Project Metrics
 To minimize the development schedule by making the
adjustments necessary to avoid delays and mitigate
potential problems and risks.
 To assess product quality on an ongoing basis and,
when necessary, modify the technical approach to
improve quality.
 As quality improves, defects are minimized, and as the
defect count goes down, the amount of rework required
during the project is also reduced. This leads to a
reduction in overall project cost.
SOFTWARE MEASUREMENT
 Direct measures of the software engineering
process include cost and effort applied. Direct
measures of the product include lines of code
(LOC) produced, execution speed, memory size,
and defects reported over some set period of
time.
 Indirect measures of the product include
functionality, quality, complexity, efficiency,
reliability, maintainability, and many other "–
abilities"
SIZE ORIENTED METRICS
FUNCTION ORIENTED METRIC
REKONSILIASI METRIK
Mengukur Kualitas
 Menurut Gilb :
Correctness. A program must operate
correctly or it provides little value to its users.
Correctness is the degree to which the
software performs its required function. The
most common measure for correctness is
defects per KLOC, where a defect is defined
as a verified lack of conformance to
requirements.
 Maintainability. Maintainability is the ease with
which a program can be corrected if an error is
encountered, adapted if its environment changes,
or enhanced if the customer desires a change in
requirements.
 A simple time-oriented metric is mean-time-
tochange (MTTC), the time it takes to analyze the
change request, design an appropriate
modification, implement the change, test it, and
distribute the change to all users.
 Integrity. This attribute measures a system's ability
to withstand attacks (both accidental and
intentional) to its security. Attacks can be made on:
programs, data, and documents.
 Threat is the probability (which can be estimated or
derived from empirical evidence) that an attack of a
specific type will occur within a given time. Security
is the probability (which can be estimated or
derived from empirical evidence) that the attack of
a specific type will be repelled.
 Integrity = summation [(1 – threat) (1 – security)]
 Usability. Usability is an attempt to quantify user-
friendliness and can be measured in terms of four
characteristics:
 (1) the physical and or intellectual skill required to learn
the system,
 (2) the time required to become moderately efficient in the
use of the system,
 (3) the net increase in productivity measured when the
system is used by someone who is moderately efficient,
and
 (4) a subjective assessment (questionnaire) of users
attitudes toward the system.
Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)
 A quality metric that provides benefit at both the project
and process.
 In essence, DRE is a measure of the filtering ability of
quality assurance and control activities as they are
applied throughout all process framework activities.
 DRE = E/(E + D)
 E is the number of errors found before delivery of the
software to the end-user
 D is the number of defects found after delivery.
 Berapakah DRE ideal???
Metrik untuk Organisasi Kecil
 Time (hours or days) elapsed from the time a request is
made until evaluation is complete.
 Effort (person-hours) to perform the evaluation.
 Time (hours or days) elapsed from completion of
evaluation to assignment of change order to personnel.
 Effort (person-hours) required to make the change.
 Time required (hours or days) to make the change.
 Errors uncovered during work to make change.
 Defects uncovered after change is released to the
customer base.
Teknik Membuat Metrik
1. Identify your business goals.
2. Identify what you want to know or learn.
3. Identify your subgoals.
4. Identify the entities & attributes related to your subgoals.
5. Formalize your measurement goals.
6. Identify quantifiable questions & the related indicators.
7. Identify the data elements that you will collect to construct the
indicators that help answer your questions.
8. Define the measures to be used, and make these definitions
operational.
9. Identify the actions that you will take to implement the measures.
10. Prepare a plan for implementing the measures.
Prioritized Business Goals
 1. Improve our customers’ satisfaction with
our products.
 2. Make our products easier to use.
 3. Reduce the time it takes us to get a new
product to market.
 4. Make support for our products easier.
 5. Improve our overall profitability.
Kesimpulan
 Measurement enables managers and practitioners to
improve the software process; assist in the planning,
tracking, and control of a software project; and assess
the quality of the product (software) that is produced.
 Process metrics enable an organization to take a
strategic view by providing insight into the effectiveness
of a software process.
 Data collection, metrics computation, and metrics
analysis are the three steps that must be implemented to
begin a metrics program.