Introduction to Research

Methodology
BY
Muhammad Akram Khan
M.Phil English Linguistics
UOL Sargodha campus
What is research ?
Research Means .
 Systematic and objective investigation of a subject or
a problem in order to discover relevant Information.
Research As Investigation
Establishing a conceptual, or theoretical
understanding about something to be promoted as
part of disciplinary studies. For example,
development of a theory in public health.
Assessing, diagnosing, exploring, or evaluating
various facets pertaining to a management
problem. For example, what percentage of first
time Bhatbhateni Superstores visitors come back
again to this place for shopping?
Discovery
To establishing theoretical
grounds for a disciplinary study, or
deducting problem solution under
a defined situation.
Types Of Research
Two types of research
a. Fundamental Research/Basic
Research
b. Applied Research
Type Of Research
Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state
of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports
only what has happened or what is happening
Applied Research
Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industry/
business organizations
Quantitive Research
 It based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. Applicable to
phenomena that can be expressed in
terms of quantity
Conceptual Research
 Related to some abstract ideas or
theory. Used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or
re-interpret existing ones.
Objective of Research
 Defining and Redefining
Formulating the hypotheses
suggested solutions
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
Making deductions and reading
Conclusions and testing
Empirical Research: -
Relies on experience or observations alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
Basic or Fundamental Research
IT is Known as basic or pure research; carry out to
expand the boundaries of knowledge in the given area.
For example, development of research methods,
propagation of new theories, conduction of academic
research studies.
Qualitative Research: -
Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e.
phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind.
Fundamental Research
 Major concerned with generalizations and with the
formulation of a theory.
 Analytical Research:
 Researcher has to use facts on information already
available and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
Research Methodology/Methods
METHODS ..Refers to the methods/ techniques
researchers use in performing research operations.

Research Methodology:- It may be understood as a

science of studying how research is done scientifically.
In it we study the various steps that are generally
adopted by researcher in studying his research
problem along with the logic behind them.
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis means a mere assumption or some
supposition to be proved or disapproved
TO be Continued
THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Topics so for delieverd by Sir Ansar and Sir Wajid