Properties of Logarithms: Warm Up Lesson Presentation Lesson Quiz

4-4 Properties
4-4 ofLogarithms
Properties of Logarithms
Warm Up
Lesson Presentation
Lesson Quiz
HoltMcDougal
Holt Algebra 2Algebra 2
4-4 Properties of Logarithms
Warm Up
Simplify.
1. (2 )(2 )
6 8 214 2. (3–2)(35) 33
3. 38 4. 44
5. (73)
5
715
Write in exponential form.
6. logx x = 1 x 1
= x 7. 0 = log 1 x 0
=1
x
Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Objectives
Use properties to simplify logarithmic
expressions.
Translate between logarithms in any
base.

The logarithmic function for pH that you saw in

the previous lessons, pH =–log[H+], can also be
expressed in exponential form, as 10–pH = [H+].
Because logarithms are exponents, you can derive

the properties of logarithms from the properties of
exponents

Remember that to multiply

powers with the same base,
you add exponents.

The property in the previous slide can be used in

reverse to write a sum of logarithms (exponents)
as a single logarithm, which can often be
simplified.
Helpful Hint
Think: logj + loga + logm = logjam

Example 1: Adding Logarithms
Express log64 + log69 as a single logarithm.

Simplify.
log64 + log69
To add the logarithms, multiply

log6 (4  9)
the numbers.
log6 36 Simplify.
2 Think: 6? = 36.

Check It Out! Example 1a
Express as a single logarithm. Simplify, if possible.
log5625 + log525
log5 (625 • 25) To add the logarithms, multiply

the numbers.
log5 15,625 Simplify.
6 Think: 5? = 15625
Check It Out! Example 1b
Express as a single logarithm. Simplify, if possible.
1
log 1 27 + log 1
3 3 9
1
log 1 (27 • ) To add the logarithms, multiply
3 9
the numbers.
log 1 3 Simplify.
3
1 ?
–1 Think: 3 =3
Remember that to divide

powers with the same base,
you subtract exponents
Because logarithms are exponents, subtracting

logarithms with the same base is the same as
finding the logarithms of the quotient with that
base.

The property above can also be used in reverse.
Caution
Just as a5b3 cannot be simplified, logarithms must
have the same base to be simplified.

Example 2: Subtracting Logarithms
Express log5100 – log54 as a single logarithm.

Simplify, if possible.
log5100 – log54
To subtract the logarithms,

log5(100 ÷ 4)
divide the numbers.
log525 Simplify.
2 ?
Think: 5 = 25.
Check It Out! Example 2
Express log749 – log77 as a single logarithm.

Simplify, if possible.
log749 – log77
To subtract the logarithms,

log7(49 ÷ 7)
divide the numbers
log77 Simplify.
1 ?
Think: 7 = 7.
Because you can multiply logarithms, you can

also take powers of logarithms.



Example 3: Simplifying Logarithms with Exponents
Express as a product. Simplify, if possible.
A. log2326 B. log8420
6log232 20log84
Because
Because
25 = 32, 2 40 2
6(5) = 30 20( )= 8 = 4,
3
log232 = 5. 3 3
log84 = 2 .
3

Express as a product. Simplify, if possibly.
a. log104 b. log5252
4log10 2log525
Because
101 = 10, Because 52
4(1) = 4 2(2) = 4 = 25, log525
log 10 = 1.
= 2.

Express as a product. Simplify, if possibly.
1
c. log2 ( 2
)5
1
5log2 ( 2)
Because
5(–1) = –5 2–1 = 12 ,
log2 1 = –1.
2

Exponential and logarithmic operations undo each

other since they are inverse operations.

Example 4: Recognizing Inverses
Simplify each expression.
a. log33
11
b. log381 c. 5log 10 5
log3311 log33  3  3  3 5log 10

5
11 log334 10
4

0.9 log (8x)

a. Simplify log10 b. Simplify 2 2
log 100.9 2log (8x)

2
0.9 8x

Most calculators calculate logarithms only in base

10 or base e (see Lesson 7-6). You can change a
logarithm in one base to a logarithm in another
base with the following formula.

Example 5: Changing the Base of a Logarithm
Evaluate log328.
Method 1 Change to base 10
log8
log328 =
log32
0.903
≈ Use a calculator.
1.51
≈ 0.6 Divide.

Example 5 Continued
Evaluate log328.
Method 2 Change to base 2, because both 32

and 8 are powers of 2.
log328 =
log28 3
= Use a calculator.
log232 5
= 0.6

Check It Out! Example 5a
Evaluate log927.
Method 1 Change to base 10.
log27
log927 =
log9
1.431
0.954
≈ 1.5 Divide.

Check It Out! Example 5a Continued
Evaluate log927.

log927 =
log327 3
= Use a calculator.
log39 2
= 1.5

Check It Out! Example 5b
Evaluate log816.
Method 1 Change to base 10.
log16
Log816 =
log8
1.204
0.903
≈ 1.3 Divide.

Check It Out! Example 5b Continued
Evaluate log816.

log816 =
log416 2
=
log48 1.5 Use a calculator.
= 1.3

Logarithmic scales are useful for measuring

quantities that have a very wide range of
values, such as the intensity (loudness) of a
sound or the energy released by an
earthquake.
Helpful Hint
The Richter scale is logarithmic, so an increase of
1 corresponds to a release of 10 times as much
energy.

Example 6: Geology Application
The tsunami that devastated parts of Asia in

December 2004 was spawned by an
earthquake with magnitude 9.3 How many
times as much energy did this earthquake
release compared to the 6.9-magnitude
earthquake that struck San Francisco in1989?
The Richter magnitude of an
earthquake, M, is related to the
energy released in ergs E given
by the formula.
Substitute 9.3 for M.

Example 6 Continued
3
Multiply both sides by 2 .
 E  Simplify.
13.95 = log  11.8 
10 
Apply the Quotient Property

of Logarithms.
Apply the Inverse Properties of
Logarithms and Exponents.

Example 6 Continued
Given the definition of a logarithm,

the logarithm is the exponent.
Use a calculator to evaluate.
The magnitude of the tsunami was 5.6  1025 ergs.

Example 6 Continued
3
Simplify.

of Logarithms.
Example 6 Continued
Apply the Inverse Properties of Logarithms

and Exponents.


The magnitude of the San Francisco earthquake
22
was 1.4  10 ergs.
5.6  1025
The tsunami released 22
= 4000 times as
1.4  10
much energy as the earthquake in San Francisco.
How many times as much energy is released

by an earthquake with magnitude of 9.2 by an
earthquake with a magnitude of 8?
3
Simplify.

Check It Out! Example 6 Continued

of Logarithms.
Apply the Inverse Properties of

Logarithms and Exponents.

The magnitude of the earthquake is 4.0  1025 ergs.

3
Simplify.


of Logarithms.
Apply the Inverse Properties

of Logarithms and Exponents.
Given the definition of a

logarithm, the logarithm is the
exponent.

The magnitude of the second earthquake was

23
6.3  10 ergs.
The earthquake with a magnitude 9.2 released

4.0  1025
was 23 ≈ 63 times greater.
6.3  10

Lesson Quiz: Part I
Express each as a single logarithm.
1. log69 + log624 log6216 = 3
2. log3108 – log34 log327 = 3
Simplify.
3. log2810,000 30,000
4. log 4x –1 x–1
4
5. 10log125 125
6. log 128 7
64
6
Lesson Quiz: Part II
Use a calculator to find each logarithm to
the nearest thousandth.
7. log320 2.727
8. log 1 10 –3.322
2
9. How many times as much energy is released by

a magnitude-8.5 earthquake as a magntitude-
6.5 earthquake?
1000

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4-4 Properties

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

The logarithmic function for pH that you saw in

Because logarithms are exponents, you can derive

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Remember that to multiply

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

The property in the previous slide can be used in

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Express log64 + log69 as a single logarithm.

To add the logarithms, multiply

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Express as a single logarithm. Simplify, if possible.

log5 (625 • 25) To add the logarithms, multiply

Express as a single logarithm. Simplify, if possible.

Remember that to divide

Because logarithms are exponents, subtracting

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

The property above can also be used in reverse.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Express log5100 – log54 as a single logarithm.

To subtract the logarithms,

Express log749 – log77 as a single logarithm.

To subtract the logarithms,

Because you can multiply logarithms, you can

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Express as a product. Simplify, if possible.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Express as a product. Simplify, if possibly.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Express as a product. Simplify, if possibly.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Exponential and logarithmic operations undo each

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Simplify each expression.

log3311 log33  3  3  3 5log 10

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

0.9 log (8x)

log 100.9 2log (8x)

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Most calculators calculate logarithms only in base

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Method 1 Change to base 10

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Method 2 Change to base 2, because both 32

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Method 1 Change to base 10.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Method 2 Change to base 3, because both 27

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Method 1 Change to base 10.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Method 2 Change to base 4, because both 16

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Logarithmic scales are useful for measuring

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

The tsunami that devastated parts of Asia in

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

Apply the Quotient Property

Holt McDougal Algebra 2