Review of Related Topics

LOGARITHMIC SCALE

Decibel (dB) is a convenient

20 dB [ 100 / 1 ]
unit for expressing the ratio
of two quantities.

x = 10 log10 ( P / Po ) 10 dB [ 10 / 1 ]

where: 3 dB [ 2 / 1 ]
x is in dB
0 dB [ 1 / 1 ]
dB has no dimension
20 dB means 100:1

- 3 dB [ 0.5 / 1 ]
Review of Related Topics
30 dBm [ 1W / 1mW ]

dBm
20 dBm [ 0.1W / 1mW ]

dBm =
Decibel unit in reference to 10 dBm [ 10mW / 1mW ]
a power unit which is 1mW.
3 dBm [ 2mW / 1mW ]
x = 10 log10 ( P / 1mW )
0 dBm [ 1mW / 1mW ]
where: - 3 dBm [ 0.5mW / 1mW ]
x is in dBm

- 50 dBm [ W / 1mW ]

- 75 dBm [ 0.032nW / 1mW ]

- 110 dBm [ 0.01pW / 1mW ]

Review of Related Topics

dBi vs dBd

dBi is a unit to measure antenna gain

in reference to an isotropic antenna.
An isotropic antenna has a power gain
of unity; i.e., O dBi.

dBd is a unit to measure antenna gain in

reference to a lossless half-wave dipole
antenna. A lossless half-wave dipole
antenna has a power gain of 0 dBd.

CONVERSION FACTOR:

dBi = dBd + 2.15 dB

id
Review of Related Topics

EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER

ERP vs EiRP
ERP (Effective Radiated Power): is the radiated power (transmit power
times antenna gain) with respect to a dipole antenna within a given
geographic area.
EiRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power): is the radiated power from
an isotropic antenna.

EiRP = ERP + 2.15 (dB)

Lp
EiRP SSdesign
 OBJECTIVES
OF
LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS

 to estimate the maximum allowable path loss

 to compute the required BS transmitter power
for a balanced path
 to estimate the coverage design threshold
 to evaluate technology performance
 RF PATH

GaBTS Lp
PoutBTS GaMS
LcBTS LfBTS

Tx Combiner Feeder Lp

Feeder LfMS
GaBTS
PinBTS LfBTS

Rx Feeder
Receiver
Divider Tx Rx
Feeder
GdBTS

PoutMS PinMS
 WHY BALANCED PATH?
UPLINK LIMITED:
BS does not MS hears the BS
hear the MS

Strong Signal
Weak Signal

DOWNLINK LIMITED:
MS does not
BS hears the MS
hear the BS

Weak Signal
Strong Signal
 HOW TO BALANCE PATH?
Coverage in a two-way radio communication system is decided
by the weakest transmission direction.

Assume Balance Path Compute BS

Uplink
Tx Power Output
Limited

Path Loss in Uplink = Path Loss in Downlink

Balanced Path:
 LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS
INPUT OUTPUT

Rx Sensitivity Maximum
MS Max. Power Path Loss

Coverage
Threshold Coverage
Reliability Threshold

Equipment /
Technology BS TX Power
Output - Balanced
Path
Gain Loss
Combiner
Antenna Cell Radius
PA
Feeder LBA Processor
Connector Engineer and Count
Diversity
etc
 INPUT TO LBA

Rx Sensitivity
MS Max. Power

Coverage
Threshold
Reliability

Equipment /
Technology

Gain Loss
Combiner
Antenna
PA
Feeder LBA Processor
Connector Engineer
Diversity
etc
MS RX SENSITIVITY and BTS RX SENSITIVITY
GSM900 MS RX SENSITIVITY

MS TYPE Sensitivity Value

Ericsson MS - 104 dBm
Nokia
GSM900 Recommendation - 102 dBm
LCC

GSM900 BTS RX SENSITIVITY

BTS TYPE Sensitivity Value

Ericsson RBS 2000/2301/200 - 107 dBm
GSM900 Recommendation - 104 dBm

Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity
MS Max. Power
MS RX SENSITIVITY and BTS RX SENSITIVITY

V to dBm

In the conversion of V to dBm, a terminal impedance should be known.

EXAMPLE:
A receiver has a sensitivity of 0.1 V. What is the equivalent level in
decibels above 1 mW if the terminal impedance is 50?

(x) dBW = 10 log [ (V2/R) / 1 W ]

(x) dBW (y) dBm

Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity
MS Max. Power
 MS POWER CLASSES
GSM900 MS Power Classes and Corresponding
Maximum Power Levels:

POWER CLASS Maximum Power Level

Original
1 (20 Watts) power &
is now
2 39 dBm (8 Watts) eliminated.

3 37 dBm (5 Watts)

4 (handheld) 33 dBm (2 Watts)

5 (handheld) 29 dBm (0.8 Watt)

33 dBm / 2 Watts Rx Sensitivity

MS Max. Power
Class 4
GSM900 MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL
Power Control Level Peak Output Power (dBm)
0 -
1 -
2 39
3 37
4 35
5 33
6 31
7 29
8 27
9 25
10 23
11 21
12 19
13 17
14 15
15 13
16 11
17 9
18 7
19 5
Rx Sensitivity
MS Max. Power
CELL COVERAGE

MSSENS + MARGINS

Indoor In-Car Outdoor

Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
Independent MARGINS
Environment
of the
Dependent
Environment

Outdoor Log Normal

Rayleigh Fading Margin
Fading
Margin Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal
Fading Margin

Car Penetration Loss

Interference
Margin Mean Building
Penetration Loss

Body
Loss Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
Independent MARGINS
of the
Environment

Rayleigh REQUIRED SIGNAL STRENGTH, SSreq

Fading
Margin
SSreq = MSsens + RFmarg + IFmarg + BL

Interference
Margin where MSsens = MS Sensitivity
RFmarg = Rayleigh Fading Margin
IFmarg = Interference Margin
BL = Body Loss
Body
Loss Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
Independent MARGINS
of the
Environment

Rayleigh
Fading
RAYLEIGH FADING MARGIN
Margin
RFmarg = 3 dB* (slow MSs, no FH)
Interference RFmarg = 0 dB* (with FH)
Margin
*based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines
FH = Frequency Hopping

Body
Loss Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
Independent MARGINS
of the
Environment

Rayleigh
Fading
INTERFERENCE MARGIN
Margin
IFmarg = 2 dB*
Interference
*based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines
Margin
Nokia and LCC define this as Interference
Degradation Margin. LCC uses about 3 dB.

Body
Loss Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
Independent MARGINS
of the
Environment

Rayleigh
Fading
BODY LOSS
Margin
BL = 5 dB*
Interference
*based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines
Margin
LCC values for Body Loss = 2 - 4 dB
ETSI recommended value is 3 dB

Body
Loss Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
 MARGINS
Environment
Dependent

DESIGN LEVEL, SSdesign

SSdesign = SSreq + LNFmarg(o) -MS outdoor
SSdesign = SSreq + LNFmarg(o) + CPL -MS in-car
SSdesign = SSreq + LNFmarg(o+i) + BPLmean -MS indoor
where SSreq = Required signal strength
LNFmarg(o) = Outdoor log normal fading margin
LNFmarg(o+i) = Outdoor + indoor log normal fading margin
CPL = Car penetration loss
BPLmean = Mean building penetration loss

Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
 MARGINS
Environment
Dependent
% BORDER COVERAGE
Outdoor Log Normal
Fading Margin

Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal

Fading Margin
>THRESHOLD JAKE’S
FORMULAS Car Penetration Loss

Mean Building
% AREA COVERAGE Penetration Loss

Coverage
Threshold
LOG NORMAL FADING MARGIN
Reliability
 LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS
50% BORDER 75% BORDER
COVERAGE COVERAGE

threshold
+ 4.5 dB
LNF Margin
at 7 dB
standard 90% AREA
deviation COVERAGE
(Nokia)

In order to plan for more

than 50% probability of signal
strength above a threshold, a
log normal fading margin is Coverage
added to the threshold during Threshold
the design process. (Ericsson) Reliability
 LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS

Log Normal
Fading Margin
in a Multi-Cell
Environment

Jakes’ formula does not

take the effect of many
servers into account.
The presence of many servers
Coverage
at the cell borders will reduce
Threshold
the required log normal fading Reliability
margin. (Ericsson)
 OUTDOOR LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS
% AREA COVERAGE

LNF(o) (dB) 75 85 90 95 99

Suburban/Rural 6 -3 -1 1 3 7

Urban 8 -3 0 2 5 10

Dense Urban 10 -3 0 3 6 12

12 -3 1 4 8 15

14 -3 1 4 9 17

Outdoor Log Normal Fading Coverage

Margins (LNFmarg(o) ) in dB for Threshold
different environments (LNF(o) ). Reliability
 OUTDOOR + INDOOR
LOG NORMAL FADING MARGINS
% AREA COVERAGE

LNF(o+i) (dB) 75 85 90 95 99

Suburban 10 -3 1 3 7 13

Urban 12 -3 1 4 8 15

Dense Urban 14 -3 1 4 9 17
Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margins
(LNFmarg(o+i) ) in dB for different
environments (LNF(o+i) ).

Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
 MARGINS
Environment
Dependent

Outdoor Log Normal

CAR PENETRATION LOSS Fading Margin

Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal

Fading Margin

Car Penetration Loss

Mean Building
CPL = 6 dB* Penetration Loss

*based on Ericsson GSM900 RF Guidelines

LCC value is 4 to 10 dB CPL (portable)
Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
 MARGINS
Environment
Dependent

BPLmean (dB)* Outdoor Log Normal

BUILDING Fading Margin
PENETRATION Dense Urban 18
Urban 18 Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal
LOSS Fading Margin
Suburban 12

* based on Ericsson
Car Penetration Loss
GSM900 RF Guidelines
LCC value is 10 - 20 dB Mean Building
Penetration Loss

Coverage
Threshold
Reliability
 BASE STATION RF COMPONENTS
Lightning Arrestor

RX1 TX/RX2 Power Ampifier

Receiver with
LNA
sensitivity

PA RX1 RX2
Top Jumper
Cables Duplexer
Receiver
Multicoupler
Main Cable
Feeder Combiner

Equipment /
Connector Bottom Jumper Cables
Technology
 RF COMPONENTS

GAINS LOSSES

MS BS MS BS

Antenna Antenna Feeder Main Cable/Feeder

Power Amp Power Amp Duplexer
Diversity Combiner
LNA Jumper Cable
Connector
Lightning Arrestor

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
Losses
 BASE STATION ANTENNAS

Antenna gain plays a

very important role in
the maximum allowable
path loss.

Omni Directional
Antenna Antenna
7- 11 dBi 11- 17 dBi

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
MOBILE AND PORTABLE ANTENNAS

Portable antennas
typically have
no gain

0 dBi
Mobile antenna gain
1 - 4 dBi

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
 AMPLIFIERS
TX Power Amplifier & Low Noise Amplifier

RX1 TX/RX2 Low Noise Amplifier

typical gain up to 20 dB
LNA

TX Power Amplifier

System PA Output Range

GSM 2.5 - 32 Watts
TX TACS 0.5 - 100 Watts
Power
Amplifier

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
 DIVERSITY

RX1 TX/RX2

LNA

RX RX

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
 DIVERSITY SCHEMES
d
•SPACE DIVERSITY
d = 10 minimum according to LCC
d = 12to 18 according to Ericsson
RX1 TX/RX2
Smart uses 4 meters RX
LNA separation for GSM900/ETACS

•POLARIZATION DIVERSITY

For Ericsson, both schemes will give a gain of

3 to 6 dB.

For Nokia, the practical range is 0 to 5 dB

depending on environment and antenna
installation (separation). When BTS RX diversity is used,
the default value is 4 dB for urban areas.

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
 DIVERSITY COMBINERS
usually used
in Mobiles
RX RX

Selective RX Switched
Combining Combining

commonly Equal-Gain
used in BS’s
Combining
RX RX RX RX
Maximal-Ratio M
+ Combining +  (Envelope)i
i=1
M
 (S/N)i
i=1 Gains
Equipment /
Technology
RX1 TX/RX2 DIVERSITY GAIN TABLE

LNA Manufacturer Diversity Combining Diversity

(Technology) Scheme Method Gain

Nokia Maximum
GSM/DCS1800 Space Ratio 3.0 dB

Ericsson Maximum
GSM/DCS1800 Space Ratio 3.0 dB

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
 another DIVERSITY SCHEME
FREQUENCY HOPPING for
Frequency Diversity

0.5 to 2.5 dB FH Gain

Gains
Equipment /
Technology
 CABLE LOSSES (BS)

RX1 TX/RX2
Jumper Cables
LDF4-50
1/2 inch Heliax Foam
LNA 2.160 dB loss per 100 ft at 900 MHz

Main Cable / Feeder Cable

LDF5-50
7/8 inch Heliax Foam
1.210 dB loss per 100 ft at 900 MHz
recommended use < 55 meters

Equipment /
Technology
Losses
 CONNECTOR LOSS (BS)

RX1 TX/RX2

LNA

Connectors connect RF
components and typically
have a loss of 0.1 dB each.

Equipment /
Technology
Losses
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR LOSS (BS)

RX1 TX/RX2

LNA
Lightning
Arrestor
Loss = 0.1 dB

Equipment /
Technology
Losses
 COMBINER LOSS (BS)

Characteristic Cavity Hybrid

Frequency Range 806-960 806-1000

(MHz)

PA RX1 RX2 Continuous Input 150 150

Power (Watts)
Duplexer
Insertion Loss (dB) 2 to 4.8 3.8 to 7.4

Maximum VSWR 1.5 : 1 1.5 : 1

Combiners
Equipment /
Technology
Losses
 DUPLEXER LOSS (BS & MS)

Duplexer Characteristic Value

Isolation (across all 3 ports, with >60 dB

unused ports terminated at 50
PA RX1 RX2
Insertion Loss (across all ports) 0.5 dB
Duplexer
Power handling 500 W

Maximum Input VSWR 1.5 : 1

Equipment /
Technology
Losses
 OUTPUT OF LBA

Maximum
Path Loss

Coverage
Threshold

BS TX Power
Output - Balanced
Path

LBA Processor Cell Radius

Engineer and Count
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS (MAPL)

Uplink Path Loss

Uplink Path Loss = MAPL

for uplink limited system

Maximum
Path Loss
 UPLINK PATH LOSS
PLUP + FM

PinBTS = BTSSENS GaMS

LfBTS
GaBTS
Rx Feeder
Receiver Feeder LfMS
Divider
Feeder
GdBTS LdupMS

BTSSENS = PoutMS - LdupMS - LfMS + GaMS - PLUP

+ GaBTS - LfBTS + GdBTS - FM - others Tx Rx

PLUP = PoutMS - BTSSENS - LdupMS - LfMS + GaMS

+ GaBTS - LfBTS + GdBTS - FM - others PoutMS PinMS

Maximum
Path Loss
 DOWNLINK PATH LOSS
GaBTS
PoutBTS PLDOWN + FM GaMS
LcBTS LfBTS

Tx Combiner Feeder
Feeder LfMS

MSSENS = PoutBTS - LcBTS - LfBTS + GaBTS - PLDOWN LdupMS

+ GaMS - LfMS - LdupMS - FM - others

PLDOWN = PoutBTS - MSSENS - LcBTS - LfBTS + GaBTS Tx Rx

+ GaMS - LfMS - LdupMS - FM - others

PoutMS PinMS = MSSENS

Maximum
Path Loss
 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS (MAPL)

UPLINK PATH LOSS

PLUP = PoutMS - BTSSENS - LdupMS - LfMS + GaMS + GaBTS - LfBTS + GdBTS - FM - others

Note common parameters!!!

DOWNLINK PATH LOSS
PLDOWN = PoutBTS -MSSENS - LcBTS - LfBTS + GaBTS+ GaMS - LfMS - LdupMS - FM -others

MAPL = PLUP

Maximum
Path Loss
 BS TX POWER OUTPUT
PLUP = PLDOWN = MAPL

UPLINK PATH LOSS

PLUP = PoutMS - BTSSENS - LdupMS - LfMS + GaMS + GaBTS - LfBTS + GdBTS - FM - others

Note common parameters!!!

DOWNLINK PATH LOSS
PLDOWN = PoutBTS -MSSENS - LcBTS - LfBTS + GaBTS+ GaMS - LfMS - LdupMS - FM -others

PoutBTS = PoutMS + GdBTS + LcBTS + (MSSENS - BTSSENS)

Balanced Equation

BS TX Power
Output - Balanced
Path
 COVERAGE THRESHOLD

Penetration
Loss

COVERAGETH EiRP
(balanced)

MAPL

Coverage
Threshold
 COVERAGE THRESHOLD

COVERAGETH GaMS

Feeder LfMS

COVERAGETH = PinMS + LdupMS + LfMS - GaMS + FM + other LdupMS

COVERAGETH = EiRP(balanced) - MAPL

Tx Rx
EiRP(balanced) = PoutBTS - LcBTS - LfBTS + GaBTS
PoutMS PinMS = MSSENS

COVERAGETH = SSDESIGN
Coverage
Threshold
 COVERAGE ENVIRONMENTS
with GSM900 Coverage Thresholds
In Building Portable
- 75 dBm

On Street
Portable
- 95 dBm
Vehicle Mounted
Mobile
- 95 to -100 dBm

Coverage
In Car Portable Threshold
- 85 dBm
 LBA DATA SHEET
INPUT OUTPUT

Rx Sensitivity Maximum
MS Max. Power Path Loss

Coverage
Threshold Coverage
Reliability Threshold

Equipment /
Technology BS TX Power
Output - Balanced
Path
Gain Loss
Combiner
Antenna
PA
Feeder LBA Processor
Connector Engineer
Diversity
etc
 CELL SIZE ESTIMATION

Required Input

d
MAPL Cell
Propagation Radius
Loss Model Estimate

Cell Radius
and Count
 PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL
OKUMURA-HATA MODEL

Lp(urban) = 69.55+ 26.16logf - 13.82loghb +

(44.9 - 6.55loghb)logR - a(hm)
where
Lp = Path Loss in dB
a(hm) = (1.1logf - 0.7)hm - (1.56logf - 0.8)
f = carrier frequency in MHz (150-1000 MHz)
hb = the base station antenna height in meter (30-200m)
R = distance in km from the base station (1-20 km)
hm = mobile antenna height in meter above ground (1-10m)

Cell Radius
and Count
 CELL RADIUS ESTIMATE
BASED ON OKUMURA-HATA MODEL

MAPL - 69.55 - 26.16logf + 13.82loghb + a(hm)

log R = d
44.9 - 6.55loghb

* urban area
R

Cell Radius
and Count
 CELL COUNT ESTIMATION
Required Input

Technology
LBA
MAPL d
Mobile Type Cell
Environment Count
Area Boundaries Estimate
Type of Coverage
Demographics
Traffic Assumptions R
ReUse Pattern

Cell Radius
and Count
CRUDE CELL COUNT ESTIMATION

A
Cell Count =
2.6 R2 R

Cell Radius, R, from Okumura-Hata’s Formula

A = Market Area

Cell Radius
and Count
 CONCLUSION
1. What is receiver sensitivity?
2. What is Fade Margin/Log-Normal Margin?
3. Why do we care about coverage reliability?
4. What is diversity?
5. How many different kinds of diversity exist?
6. Why balanced path?
7. How does the environment affect LBA?

LBA Processor
Engineer