Unit - 2 - Starter Drive Mechanisms

SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Coimbatore-35
An Autonomous Institution
Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
19AUB204 – AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
II YEAR / IV SEM
UNIT – 2 STARTING SYSTEM
Topic: Starter Drive Mechanism
11/24/2021 Starter motor/ 19AUB204

Starter - AEE /- Mr
motor/ 19AUB204 AEED/ Rajesh Kumar
Mr D Rajesh / Automobile
Kumar / AutomobileEngg
Engg // SNSCT
SNSCT 1/34
GEAR-REDUCTION STARTERS
• The purpose of the gear reduction (typically 2:1 to 4:1) is to

increase starter motor speed and provide the torque
multiplication necessary to crank an engine.
FIGURE 18-21 Chrysler was one of the first FIGURE 18-22 Many gear-reduction
vehicle manufacturers to starters use a planetary gear reduction
use a gear-reduction starter. assembly similar to that used in an
automatic transmission.
11/24/2021 Starter motor/ 19AUB204 - AEE / Mr D Rajesh Kumar / Automobile Engg / SNSCT 2/34
STARTER DRIVES
• A starter drive includes a small

pinion gear that meshes with
and rotates the larger gear on
the engine for starting.
• The ends of the starter pinion
gear are tapered to help the
teeth mesh more easily without
damaging the flywheel ring
gear teeth.
FIGURE 18-23 A cutaway of a typical

starter drive.
STARTER DRIVES
• If the engine starts and is

accelerated to 2000 RPM
(normal cold engine speed), the
starter will be destroyed by the
high speed (36,000 RPM) if the
starter was not disengaged
from the engine.
FIGURE 18-24 The ring gear to pinion gear

ratio is usually 15:1 to 20:1.
Bendix Drive
• Older-model starters often

used a Bendix drive
mechanism, which used inertia
to engage the starter pinion
with the engine flywheel gear.
• The overrunning clutch, which
is built in as a part of the starter
drive unit, uses steel balls or
rollers installed in tapered FIGURE 18-25 Operation of the overrunning
clutch. (A) Starter motor is driving the starter
notches. pinion and cranking the engine. The rollers
are wedged against spring force into their
slots. (B) The engine has started and is
rotating faster than the starter armature.
Spring force pushes the rollers so they
can rotate freely.
Bendix Drive
• The spring between the drive

tang or pulley and the
overrunning clutch and pinion
is called a mesh spring and it
helps to cushion and control
the engagement of the starter
drive pinion with the engine
flywheel gear.
FIGURE 18-26 Cutaway of a solenoid-

activated starter showing the solenoid, shift
lever, and starter drive assembly that
includes the starter pinion and overrunning
clutch with a mesh spring in one unit.
STARTER DRIVE OPERATION
• A starter drive is generally a dependable unit and does not

require replacement unless defective or worn.
• Intermittent starter drive failure (starter whine) is often
most noticeable during cold weather.
POSITIVE-ENGAGEMENT STARTERS
• Positive-engagement starters,
used on many older Ford
engines, utilize the shunt coil
winding and a movable pole
shoe to engage the starter
drive.
FIGURE 18-27 A Ford movable-pole-

shoe starter.
POSITIVE-ENGAGEMENT STARTERS
• The movable pole shoe is held

down (which keeps the starter
drive engaged) by a smaller coil
on the inside of the main drive
coil.
FIGURE 18-28 A circuit diagram of a Ford

system using a movable-pole-shoe starter.
SOLENOID-OPERATED STARTERS
• A starter solenoid is an electromagnetic switch containing two separate, but

connected, electromagnetic windings.
FIGURE 18-29 Wiring diagram of a

typical starter solenoid. Notice that
both the pull-in winding and the
hold-in winding are energized when
the ignition switch is first turned to
the “start” position. As soon as the
solenoid contact disk makes
electrical contact with both the B
and M terminals, the battery current
is conducted to the starter motor
and electrically neutralizes the pull-
in winding.
HOW ARE STARTERS MADE SO SMALL?
• A starter can be constructed

smaller due to the use of gear
reduction to achieve the same
cranking torque as a straight
drive starter, but using much
smaller components.
FIGURE 18-30 A palm-sized starter armature.
SUMMARY
1. All starter motors use the principle of magnetic interaction

between the field coils attached to the housing and the magnetic
field of the armature.
2. The control circuit includes the ignition switch, neutral safety
(clutch) switch, and solenoid.
3. The power circuit includes the battery, battery cables, solenoid,
and starter motor.
4. The parts of a typical starter include the main field housing,
commutator-end (or brush-end) housing, drive-end housing,
brushes, armature, and starter drive.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What parts are included in the starter control circuit?

2. List the parts of a typical starter.
3. Explain why a gear-reduction unit reduces the amount of current
required by the starter motor.
4. Describe the symptoms of a defective starter drive.
QUIZ
1. Starter motors operate on the principle that _____.

a) The field coils rotate in the opposite direction from the armature
b) Opposite magnetic poles repel
c) Like magnetic poles repel
d) The armature rotates from a strong magnetic field toward a weaker
magnetic field
QUIZ
1. Starter motors operate on the principle that _____.

a) The field coils rotate in the opposite direction from the armature
b) Opposite magnetic poles repel
c) Like magnetic poles repel
d) The armature rotates from a strong magnetic field toward a weaker
magnetic field
QUIZ
2. Series-wound electric motors _____.

a) Produce electrical power
b) Produce maximum power at 0 RPM
c) Produce maximum power at high RPM
d) Use a shunt coil
QUIZ
2. Series-wound electric motors _____.

a) Produce electrical power
b) Produce maximum power at 0 RPM
c) Produce maximum power at high RPM
d) Use a shunt coil
QUIZ
3. Technician A says that a defective solenoid can cause a starter

whine. Technician B says that a defective starter drive can cause a
starter whining noise. Which technician is correct?
a) Technician A only
b) Technician B only
c) Both Technicians A and B
d) Neither Technician A nor B
QUIZ
3. Technician A says that a defective solenoid can cause a starter

whine. Technician B says that a defective starter drive can cause a
starter whining noise. Which technician is correct?
a) Technician A only
b) Technician B only
c) Both Technicians A and B
d) Neither Technician A nor B
QUIZ
4. The neutral safety switch is located _____.

a) Between the starter solenoid and the starter motor
b) Inside the ignition switch itself
c) Between the ignition switch and the starter solenoid
d) In the battery cable between the battery and the starter solenoid
QUIZ
4. The neutral safety switch is located _____.

a) Between the starter solenoid and the starter motor
b) Inside the ignition switch itself
c) Between the ignition switch and the starter solenoid
d) In the battery cable between the battery and the starter solenoid
QUIZ
5. The brushes are used to transfer electrical power between

_____.
a) Field coils and the armature
b) The commutator segments
c) The solenoid and the field coils
d) The armature and the solenoid
QUIZ
5. The brushes are used to transfer electrical power between

_____.
a) Field coils and the armature
b) The commutator segments
c) The solenoid and the field coils
d) The armature and the solenoid
QUIZ
6. The faster a starter motor rotates _____.

a) The more current it draws from the battery
b) The less CEMF is generated
c) The less current it draws from the battery
d) The greater the amount of torque produced
QUIZ
6. The faster a starter motor rotates _____.

a) The more current it draws from the battery
b) The less CEMF is generated
c) The less current it draws from the battery
d) The greater the amount of torque produced
QUIZ
7. Normal cranking speed of the engine is about _____.

a) 2000 RPM
b) 1500 RPM
c) 1000 RPM
d) 200 RPM
QUIZ
7. Normal cranking speed of the engine is about _____.

a) 2000 RPM
b) 1500 RPM
c) 1000 RPM
d) 200 RPM
QUIZ
8. A starter motor rotates about _____ times faster than the engine.
a) 18
b) 10
c) 5
d) 2
QUIZ
8. A starter motor rotates about _____ times faster than the engine.
a) 18
b) 10
c) 5
d) 2
QUIZ
9. Permanent magnets are commonly used for what part of the

starter?
a) Armature
b) Solenoid
c) Field coils
d) Commutator
QUIZ
9. Permanent magnets are commonly used for what part of the

starter?
a) Armature
b) Solenoid
c) Field coils
d) Commutator
QUIZ
10. What unit contains a hold-in winding and a pull-in winding?

a) Field coil
b) Starter solenoid
c) Armature
d) Ignition switch
QUIZ
10. What unit contains a hold-in winding and a pull-in winding?

a) Field coil
b) Starter solenoid
c) Armature
d) Ignition switch
Thank You

Unit - 2 - Starter Drive Mechanisms

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SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

19AUB204 – AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

UNIT – 2 STARTING SYSTEM

Topic: Starter Drive Mechanism

11/24/2021 Starter motor/ 19AUB204

• The purpose of the gear reduction (typically 2:1 to 4:1) is to

• A starter drive includes a small

FIGURE 18-23 A cutaway of a typical

• If the engine starts and is

FIGURE 18-24 The ring gear to pinion gear

• Older-model starters often

• The spring between the drive

FIGURE 18-26 Cutaway of a solenoid-

• A starter drive is generally a dependable unit and does not

FIGURE 18-27 A Ford movable-pole-

• The movable pole shoe is held

FIGURE 18-28 A circuit diagram of a Ford

• A starter solenoid is an electromagnetic switch containing two separate, but

FIGURE 18-29 Wiring diagram of a

• A starter can be constructed

FIGURE 18-30 A palm-sized starter armature.

1. All starter motors use the principle of magnetic interaction

1. What parts are included in the starter control circuit?

1. Starter motors operate on the principle that _____.

1. Starter motors operate on the principle that _____.

2. Series-wound electric motors _____.

2. Series-wound electric motors _____.

3. Technician A says that a defective solenoid can cause a starter

3. Technician A says that a defective solenoid can cause a starter

4. The neutral safety switch is located _____.

4. The neutral safety switch is located _____.

5. The brushes are used to transfer electrical power between

5. The brushes are used to transfer electrical power between

6. The faster a starter motor rotates _____.

6. The faster a starter motor rotates _____.

7. Normal cranking speed of the engine is about _____.

7. Normal cranking speed of the engine is about _____.

9. Permanent magnets are commonly used for what part of the

9. Permanent magnets are commonly used for what part of the

10. What unit contains a hold-in winding and a pull-in winding?

10. What unit contains a hold-in winding and a pull-in winding?

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