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Practical Research 2

Introduction to Research
“I keep six honest serving men, (they taught me
all I knew), their names are
what, and why, and when, and how,
and where and who.”
--Rudyard Kipling

3
NATURE AND
CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH
Meaning of Research
Research is a scientific investigation
of phenomena, which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that link man’s
speculations with reality.
Research is the continuous
discovery and exploration of the
unknown, an investigation of new
facts leading to the discovery of
new ideas, new methods or
improvement.
Research is a systematic study
or investigation of something
for the purpose of answering
questions posed by the
researcher.
Research is searching for a
theory, testing for a theory
and for solving a problem.
Research is a systematic,
controlled, empirical and critical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the presumed
relation among the natural
phenomena.
Importance of Research

Research is a vehicle for


mobility, a contribution
towards the attainment of
national goals.
 Research explains an issue
or controversy.
 Research advances
human knowledge and
satisfies curiosity.
 Research improves
instruction and student
achievements.
 Research improves quality
of life.
 Research satisfies man’s
needs.
 Research reduces the
burden of work
 Research has deep-seated
psychological aspect.
Objectives of Research
 to seek new knowledge and
answer specific question

 provide useful information in


the form of verifiable data
Characteristics of a Researcher
 Intellectual Curiosity

 Prudence

 Healthy Criticism

 Intellectual Honesty
Qualities of a Good Researcher
R- esearcher oriented
E- fficient
S- cientific

E- ffective
A- ctive
R- esourceful
C- reative
H- onest
E- conomical
R- eligious
Characteristics of Research

 Empirical. Research is based on


direct experience and observation
of the researcher.
 Logical. Scientific
investigation is done in an
orderly manner.
 Cyclical. Research starts with a
problem and ends with a
problem.
 Analytical. Research utilizes
proven analytical procedures
 Replicable. The research design
can be replicated for validation
of results.
 Critical. Research exhibits
careful and precise judgements.
Types of Research
According to Use
 Pure Research
It is also called “basic research” or
“fundamental research” that aims to discover
basic truth and principles intended to add to
the body of scientific knowledge
 Applied Research
It involves seeking new
applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a
problem.
 Action Research
It is a decision-oriented research
involving the application of the
steps of scientific method in
response to immediate need to
improve existing practices.
According to Venue
 Library Research
Research done in the library where
answer to specific questions or
problems of the study are available.
 Field Research
Research is conducted in a
natural setting where no
changes are made in the
environment.
• Laboratory Research
Research is conducted in
artificial or controlled conditions by
isolating the study in rigorously
specified and operationalized area.
 The purposes are: 1. To test
hypothesis derived from a theory,
2. To control variance under
research conditions, 3. To discover
the relations between the
dependent and independent
variables.
According to Type of Data
Quantitative Research
Research that utilizes numerical
method of measuring or
ascertaining the variable. It uses an
objective method of measuring the
variable and data are treated using
statistical tools.
Qualitative Research
Research that do not utilize numerical
data but instead data are presented through
elaborate word descriptions of what is
observed. Interpretation and analysis relies
on the researcher’s personal judgement and
critical analysis of the event, condition, or
behavior observed under investigations.
This is usually utilized with case studies.
According to Procedure
and Techniques

Historical Research
Research which is the accumulation
of facts in relation to a particular time
sequence to determine whether or what
certain events in history actually
happened.
Descriptive Research
It includes all studies that purport to
present facts concerning the nature and
status of anything. It is concerned with
condition of relationships that exist,
practices that prevail, beliefs and processes
that are going-on, felt influences and
developing trends.
Experimental Method
It is a problem-solving approach
of research that describes what will
be when certain variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated.
It is the technique of discovering
information by means of
experimentation.
Ex Post Facto Research
Research which investigates a
problem by studying the variables in
retrospect. The dependent variable
is immediately observable and the
main concern is to find out the
antecedents that give rise to this
consequence.
The Research Process
Problem/Objective

Assumption

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Hypothesis

Review of Related Literature

Research Design

Data Collection

Data Processing and statistical Treatment

Analysis and Interpretation

Summary, Conclusion and


Recommendation
Thank You

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