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Wind Turbine L1-L2 Revised
Wind Turbine L1-L2 Revised
1
Dr. David A. Peters
McDonnell Douglas Professor
of Engineering
2
Prerequisite: Differential Equations
3
Taxonomy and Current Market
Self study: Text (pp. 8-10)
Upwind Downwind
5
HAWT and its Components
(p. 4)
6
From aerodynamics considerations almost
all towers of current utility HAWTs have a
circular cross section
7
8
Nacelle
9
10
National Capacity Growth
Year Net Capacity Cumulative
Additions Capacity
1981-1933 240 240
1984-1986 982 1,222
1987-1989 181 1,403
1990-1992 181 1,584
1993-1995 119 1,703
1996 1 1,704
1997 8 1,712
1998 142 1,854
1999 659 2,472
2000 67 2,539
2001 1,692 4,231
2002 456 4,687
2003 1,662 6,349
2004 374 6,723
2005 2,424 9,147
2006 2,427 11,574
2007 5,333 16,907
2008 8,503 25,410
2009 6,988 32,398
2010 7,869 40,267
2011 6,649 46,916
2012 13,091 60,007
2013 1,103 61,110
2014 4,767 65,877
2015 8,598 74,471
The slight drop-off from 2008’s record 8,503 MW was the result of the credit crisis that hit project financing hard
and the devaluation of the production tax credit (i.e., corporations were not making profits and so they had no
need for the tax credits) Project activity picked up after the first half of the one year.
Source: US Department of Energy
11
80000
The slight drop-off from 2008’s record 8,545 MW was the
result of the credit crisis that hit project financing hard and
70000 the devaluation of the production tax credit (i.e.,
corporations were not making profits and so they had no
need for the tax credits) Project activity picked up after the
60000 first half of the next year.
Private communication: Carl Levesque , AWEA , December
7, 2009
50000
Capacity (MW)
40000
Net Capacity Additions
Cumulative Capacity
30000
20000
10000
0
33 86 89 92 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
-19 -19 -19 -19 -19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
81 84 87 90 93
19 19 19 19 19
Year 12
Cumulative Capacity
80000
70000
Installed capacity [MW]
60000
50000
40000
Cumulative Capacity
30000
20000
10000
0
933 992 997 000 003 006 009 012 015
-1 0-1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
81 9
19 19
13
A time line of Wind Machine Milestones
( Based on Sustainable Energy, Choosing Among Options, J.W. Tester
et al. , MIT press, Cambridge, MA, 2005)
~ 400 Reference to wind-driven Buddhist prayer wheels
1973 The oil energy crisis inspires new interest in alternative energy
sources
14
Buddhist Prayer Wheels
Dutch Windmill
US Farm Windmill
15
1981-1993 Wind turbine boom in California: more than 12,000 units installed.
1985,1986 US and California tax credits for wind projects expire, respectively.
1991 First commercial offshore wind farm, Vindeby, Denmark.
1996 Kenetech Windpower (US Windpower), largest US and world
manufacturer, declares bankruptcy, [assets sold to Enron Wind, then
acquired by GE Wind].
1990-2000 Megawattage of installations in Europe grows at ~20%/year
1998-1999 European manufacturers open wind turbine factories in US and
China.
2004 RE-Power (Germany) 5 MW, 126m-dia HAWT (now 7 MW).
16
WORLD WIND POWER CAPACITY
PR China - 33.6%
USA - 17.2%
Germany - 10.4%
India - 5.8%
Spain - 5.3%
United Kingdom - 3.1%
Canada - 2.6%
France - 2.4%
Italy - 2.1%
Brazil - 2%
Rest of the world - 15.5%
17
18
Sun-Sentinel, August 26, 2007
In a recent report, the DOE said the
nation’s wind-power capacity increased by
27 percent in 2006, and that the United
States had the fastest-growing wind-power
capacity in the world in 2005 and 2006. Still,
despite wind farms now operating in 36
states, wind accounts for less than 1
percent of the U.S. power supply.
[Now up to 3.8%.]
19
2008 – 2016 Green Energy Era
WT boom times all over the world Europe, US, India,
China, Australia, New Zealand
In the US, unprecedented federal and state government
support to further WT development (tax credit, research
funding, development grants and loans to industries)
Emergence of WT- technician training programs through
community colleges
By end of 2015, U.S. had 74,471 MW installed power,
which is 4% of U.S. total. [Could be 20% by 2030, 25%
by 2035, 30% by 2050.]
Denmark is now 41.1% wind, 50% by 2020
20
December 14, 2009 (Wall Street Journal)
22
COMPARISON OF INSTALLATION
COSTS FOR VARIOUS POWER PLANTS
$/kW
23
COMPARISON OF POWER GENERATION
COSTS FOR VARIOUS POWER PLANTS
24
Wind Turbine Pioneers
25
Palmer Cosslett Putnam
The first to demonstrate the development of large wind
turbines and related applications to electricity grid, some
ten years before the rural electrical program.
Putman collaborated with Morgan Smith Company ( a
water turbine manufacturer in Pennsylvania) and with a
public service company In October 1941, the wind
turbine was installed on a hill of the state in Vermont
(Grandpa’s Knob).
26
Smith-Putman WT
53.3 m Rotor Dia
2 Stainless Steel blades with rotor flapping hinges
1.25 MW Rated Power
35.6 m Tower height
Operated for 4 years (1941-1945) and “fed electricity into
the utility grid of central Vermont Public Service Co.”
Generated 1250 kW of electrical power.
1945 rotor blade fracture due to lack of preventive
repair lack of funding, wartime
27
Putman Investigated large diameter (175-225 ft
or 53.3 – 68.5 m) wind turbines ; his results
(1942) are “remarkable when compared with
currently prevailing opinions.”
Text p.16 , last paragraph, “In the United States,
the most significant early large turbine was the
Smith Putman machine , built at Grandpa’s Knob
in Vermont in the late 1930 (1941?)
28
“In 1939 the directors of the S. Morgan Smith
Company, manufacturers of hydraulic turbines,
decided to explore the possibilities of large-scale
wind turbines as an additional source of power,
and as a means of diversifying their product. To
harness the power in the wind on a large scale
required a knowledge of the habit of the wind,
about which science had little to say to us. To enter
the field would require basic research.”
30
In 1939, based on 1937 prices
Estimate: (Ten 1500 kW units)
Estimate :$ 190 /kW
Affordable: $125 /kW
Abandoned!
(Putman Power of the Wind, Ibid.)
31
(see text, p18)
32
U = U (wind velocity)
(details to follow)
33
mass
(Kg/s)
(Nm)
d( )
Power (Nm/s or Watt)
power density
34
Three Wind Speeds
=13 m/s)
(p.53)
35
(p.53)
36
Our wind turbine
250
P, kW
4 15 25
U (m/s)
37
An example
Site (A)
15
U (m/s)
4 8 12 24 Hours
30 Site (B)
U (m/s)
4 8 12 24 Hours
38
Site (A)
15
U (m/s)
Hours
4 8 12 24
30 Site (B)
U (m/s)
Hours
4 8 12 24
250
P, kW Our turbine
4 15 25
U (m/s) 39
In one day, our turbine in site A will give
40
41
For later reference
”
42
43
γ
44
MODERN ADVANCES
45
RE Model (October 2004)
Design
Technical Data
Rated Power 5,000 kW
Cut-in Wind Speed 3.5 m/s
Rated Wind Speed 13 m/s
Cut-Out Wind Speed
Offshore Version 30 m/s
Onshore Version 25 m/s
Rotor/Hub height
Diameter 126 m
Height 120 m
Speed Range, normal approx. 7-12 rpm
operation
Mass
Rotor approx. 120 t
Nacelle (without rotor) approx. 290 t
46
47
48
49
Energy Units
50
51
U.S. Customary SI (metric)
52
A future of considerable promise
(Federal and State incentives)
Rated rapacity: 50 kW 300 kW 759kW 1000 kW 2000 kW 5000 kW 5000 k W Washington Post- 2010
Rotor diameter: 15m 34 m 48 m 60 m 72 m 112 m 126 m Monument 120 -150 m?
Tower Height: 25 m 40 m 60 m 70m 80 m 100m 120 m
120 m 170 m
(Based on Fig. 1.15, p.18)
53
Mechanical – Electrical Conversion Chain Efficiency
(based on “wind turbines” Erich Hau, Springer, 2006)
Bearings Gearbox Generator
Dynamic
Power
Wind power
.934
.94
Grid
40%
54
Examples
55
Power in the wind and power
delivered to an electrical grid
56
Power = Power delivered to the grid
57
If not stated otherwise
Cp≤ 45%
58
Some Aspects of Construction
and Maintenance
59
Transportation of a tower-based section
for the Repower 5 MW Machine
60
Offshore wind turbine with helicopter supply platform in the
Horns Rev wind farm
(Vestas)
61
Hub and blade junction at end of turbine nacelle.
Human subject demonstrates size of the device.
64
(m)
65
66
67
Revisiting Mean Wind Velocity U
68
(p. 41)
69
70
HIGH-ALTITUDE TETHERED WIND TURBINES
71
72
Wind speed variation with Height
(2.36)
p. 46
73
elevation
(p. 47) , = 1.225 kg/m3
1/7 * 0.3
5.58 5.85 6.95
P/A (W/m2) 106.4 122.6 205.6
74
Example
an appreciable increase.
Tower height (z) is a very important parameter.
Increasing z is not straightforward!
75
Concluding Remarks on WE
and its Development
76
Sustainable Energy Development
We accept the well-known definition of
Brundtland, Chairman, World Commission of
Environment and Development :
Our Common Future, Oxford University Press,
New York, 1987.
“…development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”
77
With the current and expected tax credits -- for directly
harnessing wind energy and reducing “greenhouse gas”
emissions -- electrical energy generation through wind
farms is the best candidate in providing at least 25% of
U.S. electricity by 2035.
Remarks :
- Large diameter (> 100 m) wind turbines have been
successfully developed on both offshore and on-land wind
farms (e.g. REpower 5 MW , 126m dia)
- Denmark generated 20% of its electricity by
harnessing wind energy in 2005. By 2012, the percentage
was up to 30%, by 2015 it was 41%. This percentage has
been steadily increasing and will reach 50% by 2020.
78
Even among the green-energy options, WE is the most deserving
79
Wind Out of Their Sails
Opposition to a project off Cape Cod poses big questions
for offshore wind farms in the U.S.
“For nations such as Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, which depend
on wind power to supply an increasingly large fraction of their electricity
demand, the high winds in shallow waters offshore have become an attractive
resource. Indeed, according to the European Wind Energy Association, a trade
group based in Brussels, there is more than 600 megawatts of offshore wind
turbine capacity around Europe, including a 166 MW from off the southern
coast of Denmark.”
“The situation in the United States is quite different. At present, there are no
offshore wind farms and, unlike the sustained European commitment to wind
power, support from federal and state governments is much like the wind itself:
periodic and unreliable. Thanks to the frequently shifting tax and regulatory
environment, wind turbines are generally built in quick bursts. For instance,
2,424 MW of wind power capacity was built in 2005, but only 372 MW the year
before.” Ref. ASME Mechanical Engineering, vol. 128 , No.6 , June 2006
80
National Capacity Growth
Year Net Capacity Cumulative
Additions Capacity
1981-1933 240 240
1984-1986 982 1,222
1987-1989 181 1,403
1990-1992 181 1,584
1993-1995 119 1,703
1996 1 1,704
1997 8 1,712
1998 142 1,854
1999 659 2,472
2000 67 2,539
2001 1,692 4,231
2002 456 4,687
2003 1,662 6,349
2004 374 6,723
2005 2,424 9,147
2006 2,427 11,574
2007 5,333 16,907
2008 8,503 25,410
2009 6,988 32,398
2010 7,869 40,267
2011 6,649 46,916
2012 13,091 60,007
2013 1,103 61,110
2014 4,767 65,877
2015 8,598 74,471
The slight drop-off from 2008’s record 8,503 MW was the result of the credit crisis that hit project financing hard
and the devaluation of the production tax credit (i.e., corporations were not making profits and so they had no
need for the tax credits) Project activity picked up after the first half of the one year.
Source: US Department of Energy
81
This wind farm off Nysted in southern Denmark supplies as much as 166
MW of electricity. European countries are planning to add much more
offshore wind capacity in the coming decade.
82
(Sun- Sentinel)
The announcement is a major milestone for the high-profile project, which could
be the first offshore wind farm in U.S. Securing a PPA is critical for financing the
proposed wind farm in Nantucket Sound, the governor's office noted.
83
Wash U in St. Louis conducted basic
research on WT since the mid 70’s to 2001
84
Conclusions
By 2035 or 50, wind energy could supply at least 25% –
30% of the U.S. electrical needs, a feat already achieved
by Denmark.
A much improved exploitation of offshore sites is a must
to achieve this feat.
Wind Farms on land as well as offshore with large wind
turbines (diameter ≥ 125 m) offer considerable promise.
For those turbines, the current predictive capabilities for
modeling turbulence, wake, turbine-to-turbine
interference and dynamic stall merit significant
improvements.
85
ASME Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 132, No 1 January 2010
Engineering to meet electricity needs is
shaping up as a big job, with plenty of
openings.
By Jack Thornton
86
ASME Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 132, No 1 January 2010
Eye-opening statistics were offered by Jeffrey S. Nelson. Head of
the Energy and Infrastructure Future Group at Sandia National
Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M.:
World energy demand will double between now and 2030. That’s
only 20 years, half the span of an engineering career.
The amount of clean U.S. energy need by 2050 just to stabilize CO2
is 10 trillion watts. This is about ten times the Department of Energy’s
estimate of today’s total installed U.S. generating capacity.
Achieving these numbers will require a broad mix of energy
sources, including renewable, biofuels, and possibly fusion. Nelson
said, pointing out that all of these will require big, costly, and intensive
engineering and scientific programs.
87
ASME Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 132, No 1 January 2010
Another researcher in the power industry, Gary
Golden, senior project manager at the Electric
Power Research Institute, certainly sees
shortage. “ If you crunch all the numbers, the
power industry has about 10 percent of the
engineers we need,”
89