PENGENALAN

TEKNIK KIMIA
agus hadiyarto

agush55@yahoo.co.id
agush55@tekim.ft.undip.ac.id

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 Daftar Bacaan
• Perry, C., 1994, Chemical Engineers Handbook,
Mac GrawHill Kogakusha, Tokyo
• pafko.com/history/h_whatis.html
copyright 2000, Wayne Pafko
• Rubin E.S., Davidson C.I.,2001, Introduction to
Engineering and the Environment, Mc Graw Hill,
Boston Burr Ridge
• Woods, D.R, 1995, Process Design and
Engineering Practice, PTR Prentice Hall, New
Jersey

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 Materi/energi tidak dapat di ubah
menjadi bentuk lain tanpa beberapa
peralatan

Kontaminan tidak dapat dihilangkan

dari air minum tanpa beberapa
peralatan (system)

Engineer mampu mensintesa sistem

baru yang mengubah materi dan energi
menjadi suatu produk
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 Teknik Kimia
Memanfaatkan pengetahuan kimia, fisika,
matematik, ekonomi dan rekayasa untuk
menyelesaikan problema yang ada
(scientific and technical)
“universal engineer”

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 So What Exactly Does This
"Universal Engineer" Do?
During the past Century, chemical engineers
have made tremendous contributions to our
standard of living. To celebrate these
accomplishments, the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has compiled a list
of the "10 Greatest Achievements of Chemical
Engineering." These triumphs are summarized
below:

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 The Atom :

• Biology, medicine, metallurgy, and power generation have

all been revolutionized by our ability to split the atom and
isolate isotopes. Chemical engineers played a prominent
role in achieving both of these results. Early on facilities
such as DuPont's Hanford Chemical Plant used these
techniques to bring an abrupt conclusion to World War II
with the production of the atomic bomb. Today these
technologies have found uses in more peaceful
applications. Medical doctors now use isotopes to
monitor bodily functions; quickly identifying clogged
arteries and veins. Similarly biologists gain invaluable
insight into the basic mechanisms of life, and
archaeologists can accurately date their historical
findings.
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 The Plastic Age:
The 19th Century saw enormous advances in polymer
chemistry. However, it required the insights of chemical
engineers during the 20th Century to make mass
produced polymers a viable economic reality. When a
plastic called Bakelite was introduced in 1908 it sparked
the dawn of the "Plastic Age" and quickly found uses in
electric insulation, plugs & sockets, clock bases, iron
cooking handles, and fashionable jewelry. Today plastic
has become so common that we hardly notice it exists.
Yet nearly all aspects of modern life are positively and
profoundly impacted by plastic.

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 The Human Reactor:
Chemical engineers have long studied complex chemical
processes by breaking them up into smaller "unit
operations." Such operations might consist of heat
exchangers, filters, chemical reactors and the like.
Fortunately this concept has also been applied to the
human body. The results of such analysis have helped
improve clinical care, suggested improvements in
diagnostic and therapeutic devices, and led to
mechanical wonders such as artificial organs. Medical
doctors and chemical engineers continue to work hand in
hand to help us live longer fuller lives.

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 Wonder Drugs :

• Chemical engineers have been able to take

small amounts of antibiotics developed by
people such as Sir Arthur Fleming (who
discovered penicillin in 1929) and increase their
yields several thousand times through mutation
and special brewing techniques. Today's low
price, high volume, drugs owe their existence
to the work of chemical engineers. This ability to
bring once scarce materials to all members of
society through industrial creativity is a defining
characteristic of chemical engineering
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 Synthetic Fibers :
From blankets and clothes to beds and
pillows, synthetic fibers keep us warm,
comfortable, and provide a good night's
rest. Synthetic fibers also help reduce the
strain on natural sources of cotton and
wool, and can be tailored to specific
applications. For example; nylon
stockings make legs look young and
attractive while bullet proof vests keep
people out of harm's way.
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 Liquefied Air :

When air is cooled to very low temperatures (about

320 deg F below zero) it condenses into a
liquid. Chemical engineers can then separate
out the different components. The purified
nitrogen can be used to recover petroleum,
freeze food, produce semiconductors, or prevent
unwanted reactions while oxygen is used to
make steel, smelt copper, weld metals together,
and support the lives of patients in hospitals.
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 The Environment,
We All Have to Live Here:
Chemical engineers provide economical answers
to clean up yesterday's waste and prevent
tomorrow's pollution. Catalytic converters,
reformulated gasoline, and smoke stack
scrubbers all help keep the world clean.
Additionally, chemical engineers help reduce the
strain on natural materials through synthetic
replacements, more efficient processing, and
new recycling technologies.

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 Food, "It's What's For Dinner":

• Plants need large amounts of nitrogen, potassium,

and phosphorus to grow in abundance. Chemical
fertilizers can help provide these nutrients to crops,
which in turn provide us with a bountiful and balanced
diet. Fertilizers are especially important in certain
regions of Asia and Africa where food can sometimes be
scarce . Advances in biotechnology also offer the
potential to further increase worldwide food production.
Finally, chemical engineers are at the forefront of food
processing where they help create better tasting and
most nutritious foods.

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 Petrochemicals,
"Black Gold, Texas Tea":
Chemical engineers have helped develop
processes like catalytic cracking to break
down the complex organic molecules found in
crude oil into much simpler species. These
building blocks are then separated and
recombined to form many useful products
including: gasoline, lubricating oils, plastics,
synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers.
Petroleum processing is therefore recognized as
an enabling technology, without which, much
of modern life would cease to function
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 Running on Synthetic Rubber:
Chemical engineers played a prominent role in
developing today's synthetic rubber industry.
During World War II, synthetic rubber capacity
suddenly became of paramount importance.
This was because modern society runs on
rubber. Tires, gaskets, hoses, and conveyor
belts (not to mention running shoes) are all
made of rubber. Whether you drive, bike, roller-
blade, or run; odds are you are running on
rubber.
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 LAIN-LAIN

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 Chemical Safety and Hazard
Pengenalan sifat Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun
(B3), “hazardous materials”
Cara penanganan dan penyimpanan B3
Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Ledakan dan
kebakaran
Pengolahan Limbah B3
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja

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 Environmental
Cleaner production (UNEP)
Eco efficiency (WBCSD)
Green Engineering (EPA)
Wastewater Engineering
Air Pollution Engineering
Bioremediation/Fitoremediation
Energy Conservation
Atmosferic Chemistry
Etc

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 Cakupan bidang yang dipahami oleh
Chemical Engineers
Unit Operation
Unit Process
Energy Utilization, Conversion
Process Control
Materials of Construction
Process Machinery Drives
Process Economics
Waste Management
Biochemical Engineering
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1. Unit Operation
• Transport and storage of fluid
• Handling of Bulk Solids
• Size Reduction and Size Enlargement
• Distillation
• Mass transfer and gas Absorption
• Extraction
• Adsorption and Ion Exhange
• Separation Processes
• Drying

2. Unit Process
• Reaction Kinetics and Katalis
• Reactor Design

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3. Energy Utilization, Conversion
• Fuel (solid, liquid, gaseous, coal convertion)
• Heat Generation (stoichiometry, product combustion, burner, steam
generator)
• Heat Transport

4. Process Control
• Fundamentals of automatic control
• Process Measurement
• Indicating and Recording Instrument
• Computer Process Control

5. Materials of Construction
• Corrosion and its control
• Properties of materials
• High and low temperature materials

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6. Process Machinary Drive
• Electric Motors
• Steam Turbines
• Mechanical Power transmission Equipment

7. Process Economics
• Investment and Profitability
• Fixed Capital Cost Estimation
• Manufacturing Cost Estimation

8. Waste Management
• Air Pollution Management of Stationary Sources
• Industrial wastewater Management
• Managemement of Industrial Solid Waste

9. Biochemical Enginering
• Biological Reactor (fermenter, oxygen transfer, scale up, sterilization)
• Enzymatic Reactor

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 The Role of Chemical Engineer
1. The Creator and Synthesizer (develop new processes to make
pharmaceutical, food, paper, cosmetics, perfume, material
construction, transistor, fibres, etc)
2. Analyst and Improver (the eng’er are continually on the search for
ways and means of improving and upgrading existing processes)
3. The Troubleshooter
4. The Researcher
5. The Specialist and Consultant
6. The Predictor (to anticipate the future)
7. The Selector of Process Equipment (the equipment selected must
technically solve the problem, be financially feasible and
economically attractive, be environmentally acceptable, be
reliable, be safe to operate, be available for purchase, be
serviceable, be operable and controllabe and be from a reputable
supplier)

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 isotopensonde

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 Tennis fibre court

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 Conveyor belt sushi
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 Pressure reactor

HE / Radiator

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WATER SAMPLER - HORISONTAL/VERTICAL
 DO/BOD METER & CONDUCTOMETER

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 Sampling di dermaga

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 WATER SAMPLER DAN WATER
CHECKER OTOMATIS

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 Hydrolab dan Data Pengukuran

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 CARA SAMPLING AIR KONTINU
(TANPA POMPA)

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 WATER & WASTEWATER
SAMPLER

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 STACK SAMPLING Hi VOL Sampler
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 gas

pompa
vakum

BUBBLER IMPINGER

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 Framework for Environmental impact assessments

Land use,
resource
Physical, Valuation of
consumption, Pollutant
Human chemical, environment
and transport and
population and al change Economic,
emissions transportatio
and biological (impact, culture,
(industry, n in air,
economic change in costs, risks values, etc
buildings, watyer, and
activity the and
transportatio soils
environment damages)
n,
agriculture)

Technology Political
development Process

Public policy measures (laws,

regulations and standards

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 Cleaner Production - Related
Concepts
• Eco-Efficiency
• Pollution Prevention
• Waste Minimisation
• Green Productivity
• Industrial Ecology/Industrial Metabolism
• Green Engineering

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 Cleaner Production
• The United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP) introduced the concept of cleaner
production in 1989, and defined it as 'the
continuous application of an integrated
preventive environmental strategy applied
to processes, products and services to
increase eco-efficiency and reduce risks to
humans and the environment'.

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 The four elements of cleaner
production are:
• The precautionary approach - potential polluters must
prove that a substance or activity will do no harm;
• The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the
source rather than after it has been created;
• Democratic control - workers, consumers, and
communities all have access to information and are
involved in decision-making;
• Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all
material, energy and water flows using life-cycle
analyses.

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 ECO-EFFICIENCY
Eco-Efficiency was coined by the
World Business Council for Sustainable D
evelopment (WBCSD)
in 1992 and defined as the delivery of
competitively priced goods and services
that satisfy human needs and bring quality
of life, while progressively reducing
ecological impacts and resource intensity
throughout the life cycle, to a level at least
in line with the earth's estimated carrying
capacity.
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 the concepts of eco-efficiency and
Cleaner Production are almost
synonymous. The slight difference
between them is that Eco-efficiency
starts from issues of economic efficiency
which have positive environmental
benefits,
benefits while Cleaner Production starts
from issues of environmental efficiency
which have positive economic benefits.
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 POLLUTION PREVENTION
The terms Cleaner Production and pollution
prevention are often used interchangeably. The
distinction between the two tends to be geographic -- the
term pollution prevention tends to be used in North
America, while Cleaner Production is used in other parts
of the world. Both, Cleaner Production and pollution
prevention (P2) focus on a strategy of continuously
reducing pollution and environmental impact through
source reduction -- that is eliminating waste within the
process rather than at the end-of-pipe.
end-of-pipe Waste treatment
does not fall under the definition of Cleaner Production or
P2 because it does not prevent the creation of waste.

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• Environment Canada defines Pollution Prevention as the
use of processes, practices, materials, products or
energy that avoid or minimise the creation of pollutants
and waste, and reduce the overall risk to human health
or the environment.
• The US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) defines
Pollution Prevention as the source reduction - preventing
or reducing waste where it originates, at the source -
including practices that conserve natural resources by
reducing or eliminating pollutants through increased
efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water and
land. Under the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990,
pollution prevention is the national environmental policy
of the United States.

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 WASTE MINIMISATION
The concept of waste minimisation was introduced by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1988. In
this concept, waste prevention approach and its
techniques are defined as on-site reduction source
reduction of waste by changes of input raw
materials, technology changes, good operating
practices and product changes. Off-site recycling by
direct reuse after reclamation are also considered to be
waste minimisation techniques, but have a distinctly
lower priority compared to on-site prevention or
minimisation of waste. The waste minimisation concept
is used in the Pollution Prevention Directive (1992).

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 Currently, waste minimisation and
pollution prevention terms are often
used interchangeably. Pollution
prevention means not generating waste in
the first place by reducing it at the source.
Waste minimisation is a broader term that
also includes recycling and other means to
reduce the amount of waste which must
be treated/disposed
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 GREEN PRODUCTIVITY
Green productivity is a term used by the
Asian Productivity Organization (APO) to
address the challenge of achieving
sustainable production. The APO started
its Green Productivity programme in 1994.
Just like Cleaner Production, green
productivity is a strategy for enhancing
productivity and environmental
performance for overall socio-economic
development.
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 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY/INDUSTRIAL
METABOLISM

• Industrial ecology and industrial metabolism

are concepts for new patterns of industrial
production and are closely related to the
Cleaner Production concept. Industrial ecology
and industrial metabolism are studies of industrial
systems and economic activities, and their links
to fundamental natural systems.
systems Basically, they
aim to imitate the material recycling aspect of an
ecosystem - a material flow management is the
crucial aspect of these approaches.

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 Six principal elements of industrial
ecology/industrial metabolism:
1. The creation of industrial ecosystems: maximizing use of recycled materials in
production, optimising use of materials and embedded energy, minimizing
waste generation, and re-evaluating "wastes" as raw material for other
processes.
2. Balancing industrial input and output to natural ecosystem capacity:
understanding the ability of the larger natural system to deal with toxics and
other industrial wastes in typical and catastrophic situations.
3. Dematerialization of industrial output: reducing materials and energy intensity
in industrial production.
4. Improving the metabolic pathways of industrial processes and materials use:
reducing or simplifying industrial processes to emulate natural, highly efficient
ones.
5. Systemic patterns of energy use: promote the development of an energy
supply system that functions as a part of the industrial ecosystem, and is free
of the negative environmental impacts associated with current patterns of
energy use.
6. Policy alignment with a long-term perspective of industrial system evolution:
nations working together to integrate economic and environmental policies.

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 Green engineering, EPA
is the design, commercialization, and use of
processes and products, which are feasible and
economical while minimizing 1) generation of
pollution at the source and 2) risk to human
health and the environment. Green engineering
embraces the concept that decisions to protect
human health and the environment can have the
greatest impact and cost effectiveness when
applied early to the design and development
phase of a process or product.
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 Principles of Green Engineering
• Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis,
and integrate environmental impact assessment tools.
• Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human
health and well-being.
• Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities.
• Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as
inherently safe and benign as possible.
• Minimize depletion of natural resources.
• Strive to prevent waste.
• Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of
local geography, aspirations, and cultures.
• Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant
technologies; improve, innovate, and invent (technologies) to
achieve sustainability.
• Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of
engineering solutions.
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 Green Eng’ng
as developed by more than 65 engineers and
scientists at the Green Engineering: Defining the
Principles Conference, held in Sandestin, Florida
in May of 2003. The preliminary principles forged
at this multidisciplinary conference are intended
for engineers to use as a guidance in the design
or redesign of products and processes within the
constraints dictated by business, government
and society such as cost, safety, performance
and environmental impact.
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