WHAT WILL WE LEARN?

(OBJECTIVES)
 What is Tissue Engineering?
 Why do we need tissue Engineering?
 Goals of tissue Engineering
 Tools- (1)cells
(2)Scaffolds, methods of creating Scaffolds
(3)Signalling Molecules
 Applications of Tissue Engineering
 Drawbacks of tissue engineering
 Future Aspects
 Conclusion
 WHAT IS TISSUE ENGINEERING?
 An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences
toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve
tissue functions or a whole organ
 Why do we need Tissue Engineering?

LIVER TRANSPLANT HEART TRANSPLANT KIDNEY TRANPLANT

Why do we need Tissue Engineering?
GOALS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TISSUE ENGINEERING
 MODELS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING

Constructing tissues Host remodeling

Excision and
outside body before of env.
implantation remodeling in
culture
TOOLS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING

3
 1. Cells as Building Blocks
Tissue engineering utilizes living cells as engineering materials. For
example, living fibroblasts in skin repair/replacement, living chondrocytes
in repairing cartilage.
 Types of Cells
Cells are often categorized by their source:
Autologous cells- obtained from same source to
which they will be implanted. Have fewest problem
of rejection and pathogen transmission
Allogenic cells- comes from body of same donor
species
Xenogenic cells- isolated from individuals of
other species, like use of animal cells for
cardiovascular implants
Isogenic cells- isolated from genetically identical
organisms like twins, clones
Stem cells- undifferentiated cells with the ability
to divide in culture , give rise to different
specialized cells . Can be multipotent, pluripotent
and totipotent .
 2. What are Scaffolds
Scaffolds are structures manufactured for the sole purpose of allowing cells to grow
Key elements of scaffolds and cell development
Structures that are enable to support 3-D cell structures
Allow for cell attachment, migration, and growth
Enable diffusion of cell nutrients
Allow the manipulation of cells to form as correctly shaped
What do we want in Scaffold?
 Methods used for creating scaffolds
 Nanofibre self-assembly
 Gas Foaming
 CAD/CAM Technologies
 Electro-spinning
 Tissue cultures
 Bioreactors
 Nanofibre self-assembly

Requires hydro-gel scaffolds tom

assemble and grow them self as 3-D tissue
structures
Can be used in healing process as these
nanofibres promote the growth and
attachment of nerve fibres
Nanofibres break down into nutrients
after 2-3 weeks but complete their task of
cell growth
 Gas Foaming
Allows to create a medium in which cells can be introduced
to grow
Although not as porous as Nanofibre structure, it is cheaper
to create and does assist in creating strong cell structures
 CAD/CAM Technologies

CAD/CAM Technologies can be used

to create a more complex scaffold
structure.
Scaffold design and printing with a
computer allow cells to grow and match
that of the real organ or bone’s internal
structure
More realistic organ properties
Smaller, more precise porous structure
Larger cell attachment surface area
 Electro - spinning
This technique makes
scaffolds having more
precise, finely woven
structure.
High voltage is used to
create a densely woven
structure for cells to attach
Allows for more
consistent cell growth
Faster reproduction
More complex cell
structures with nerves
 Tissue culture
Includes in vitro cultivation of
organs, tissues and cells at
defined temperature and
supplemented with medium
containing cell nutrients and
growth
Requires extensive culturing
to promote survival, growth and
induction of functionality
Major problem is maintaining
culture conditions
 Bioreactors
Bioreactor is a device that
attempts to stimulate a
physiological environment in
order to promote cell or tissue
growth in vivo
 3. SIGNALLING MOLECULES
Hormones Secreted by endocrine glands, by dispersed glandular
cells.
Neurohormones Secreted by Neurons into blood circulation.
Neurotransmitters Secreted by neurons at nerve endings.
Cytokines Secreted by immune-competent cells.
Growth Factors Secreted by Various types of cells.

Signal molecules can be classified as:

Endocrine- carried by blood, may act in whole body
Paracrine- Act within short distances of the site of their production
Autocrine- Act on cells that produce them
APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING
 DRAWBACKS
With this technology always advancing, ethical issues may be
created in future. One example is, if a whole body can be created
for transplant, can it not be considered as a person?

Cost is also a factor - This technology is very new and

expensive, So, cost must be decreased to make this technology
viable in widespread environment.
 Future of Tissue Engineering

 The optimal cell source, scaffold design, and in vitro bioreactors, the use and
development of micro -fabrication technology to create vascularized tissues
and organs are still being investigated.
 Use of an appropriate multipotent or pluripotent stem cell in tissue engineering
is an emerging comcept.
 Some of the current ethical, legal, and social issues will be answered.
 Close interdisciplinary collaborations of surgeons, engineers, chemists, and
biologists, with the ultimate goal of functional tissue restoration.
 OUTCOMES

With the further research and engineering, the

manufacturing of body parts is becoming more and more
possible.
This possibility will increase life longevity as we can
engineer new ways to replace organs that are failing.
https://youtu.be/82t84VIwlTE

https://youtu.be/j9XzN0-TQZc