Literacy

in
Phonology
MARDATILLAH
DEDI DARMAWAN
What is Literacy?
The ability to speak, listen, read and write.
The ability to locate, evaluate, use and communicate
meaning using a wide range of resources including text,
visual, audio and video sources.
The ability to recognize the sounds in spoken language
and how they can be segmented (pulled apart), blended
(put back together), and manipulated (added, deleted,
and substituted).
Five Essential Elements of Literacy
1. Phonemic Awareness
◦ The ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds
(phonemes) in spoken words.
◦ The ability to hear, identify and manipulate the individual sounds
(phonemes) in spoken words.

2. Phonics
Phonemes are the smallest parts of spoken language that make a difference
in the meanings of words.
For example, changing the first phoneme (or first sound) in the word hat
from /h/ to /b/ changes the word from hat to bat, and so changes the
meaning of the word.
3. Fluency
The ability to read text accurately and quickly; not hurried reading. Provides a
bridge between word recognition and comprehension

4. Vocabulary
Understanding what words mean by themselves and in sentences. Oral
Vocabulary refers to words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening
Reading Vocabulary refers to words we recognize or use in print.

5. Comprehension
Phonological Awareness
Definition
The understanding that spoken language is
made up of individual and separate sounds.
Phonological awareness activities can involve
work with rhymes, words, sentences, syllables,
and phonemes.
Developing Phonological Awareness
Word Awareness
Word Awareness

Rhyme and Alliteration

Rhyme and Alliteration
with Word Play
with Word Play

Syllable Awareness
Syllable Awareness

Individual
IndividualSound
Sound
Awareness
Awareness
Does Phonological Awareness
Develop Naturally?

“To learn an
No
alphabetic script,
we must learn to
attend to that which
we have learned.”

Marilyn Adams, 2011,1990

What Exactly Do Readers Need To Be Able To Do?

/m/ /o/ /p/

Spelling
Segment

Reading
Blend
General Principles Of Phonological
Awareness Instruction
1.Provide explicit instruction.
2.Model the skills.
3.Begin with sounds only.
4.Use manipulatives.
5.Teach simple to complex.
6.Pronounce sounds correctly.
7.Provide guided practice.

Felton & Lillie, 2001

What are Phonological Processes?
Phonological processes are patterns of sound errors that typically
developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
They do this because they don’t have the ability to coordinate the lips,
tongue, teeth, palate and jaw for clear speech. As a result they simplify
complex words in predictable ways until they develop the coordination
required to articulate clearly.

For example, they may reduce consonant clusters to a single consonant

like, “pane” for “plane” or delete the weak syllable in a word saying,
“nana” for “banana.” There are many different patterns of simplifications
or phonological processes.
Decoding
Phonological decoding, or decoding refers to deriving a pronunciation for a printed sequence
of letters based on knowledge of spelling-sound correspondences
THANK YOU SO MUCH