AUTOMOTIVE FUELS AND ENERGY

(MEE1039)
Module 8 : Alternate Energy Sources

Dr. Deepakkumar R
Assistant Professor
Department of Thermal and Energy Engineering
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632014,Tamilnadu, India.
 Contents
• Electric- Layout of an electric vehicle
• advantage and limitations, specifications
• system components
• electronic control system
• high energy and power density batteries
• hybrid vehicle- Types, solar powered vehicles
 Electric Vehicle

• An electric vehicle (EV), also called electrics is a vehicle that uses one or more
electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.
• An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from
off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel
cells or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity.
• All-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal
combustion engine.
• The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and
must be plugged in to a charging station or wall outlet to charge.
• Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and
does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel
line, or fuel tank.
• There are two basic types of EVs: all-electric vehicles (AEVs) and plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs).
 Electric Vehicle

• AEVs include Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
(FCEVs). In addition to charging from the electrical grid, both types are charged in
part by regenerative braking, which generates electricity from some of the
energy normally lost when braking.
• All-electric vehicles (AEVs) run only on electricity.
• When the battery is depleted, it can take from 30 minutes (with fast charging) up
to nearly a full day (with Level 1 charging) to recharge it, depending on the type
of charger and battery.
• If this range is not sufficient, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) may be a
better choice.
• PHEVs run on electricity for shorter ranges (6 to 40 miles), then switch over to an
internal combustion engine running on gasoline when the battery is depleted.
• Some types of PHEVs are also called extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs).
Layout of an Electric Vehicle
 Key Components of an Electric Car

• Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary

battery provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.
• Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an
external power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from
the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run
vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this
motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators
that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics,
and other components.
 Key Components of an Electric Car
• Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the
charge port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It
monitors battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature,
and state of charge while charging the pack.
• Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical
energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the
electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction
motor.
• Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power
from the electric traction motor to drive the wheels.
• Ultracapacitor: Sometimes called a super capacitor – like a battery – is a
means to store and release electricity. The design and mechanism of
operation is somewhere between an ordinary capacitor and a battery.
Electric Vehicle
 Advantages and Limitations of Electric Vehicle
Advantages
• Reduce or even eliminate your fuel costs
• Reduce car emissions to help the environment
• Become energy independent
• Low Running costs
• Low maintenance cost
• Low noise

Limitations
• Driving range
• Recharge time
• Battery life
• High Initial cost
• Battery consumes space and weight
 Specifications
Model Range Time to charge Acceleration Top Speed
Jaguar I-PACE 386 km - 240 L1- 39 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 200 km/h or 124
394 HP - 300 kW miles / 90 kWh 13 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 4.8 mph
80 min sec
Mercedes Benz 354 km - 220 L1- 30 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 180 km/h or 112
EQC 402 HP - miles / 80 kWh 11 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 5 sec mph
300 kW 40 min
Tesla model 3 386 km - 240 L1- 60 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 225 km/h or 140
miles / 75 kWh 9.5 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 5.6 mph
45 min sec
Audi E-Tron EV 328 km - 204 L1- 46 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 200 km/h or 124
402 HP - 300 kW miles / 95 kWh 8.5 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 5.5 mph
30 min sec
Honda Clarity 143 km - 89 L1- 19 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 140 km/h or 86
EV 161 HP - miles / 25.5 kWh 3.5 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 12.8 mph
120 kw 30 min sec
Ford Focus EV 185 km - 115 L1- 22 hrs L2- 5 0-100 km/h or 0- 135 km/h or 84
143 HP - 107 kW miles / 35 kWh hrs L3- 80% 30 60 mph in 9.9 mph
min sec

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 Specifications
Model Range Time to charge Acceleration Top Speed
Hyundai IONIQ 200 km - 124 L1- 24 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 165 km/h or 103
EV 118 HP - 88 miles / 28 kWh 4.5 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 9 sec mph
kW 24 min
Nissan LEAF EV 242 km - 150 L1- 20 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 140 km/h or 87
147 HP - 110 kW miles / 40 kWh 6.3 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 8 sec mph
40 min
Chevrolet BOLT 383 km - 238 L1- 43 hrs L2- 0-100 km/h or 0- 150 km/h or 94
EV 200 HP - miles / 60 kWh 9.3 hrs L3- 80% 60 mph in 6.5 mph
149 kW 60 min sec
Volkswagen e- 190 km - 119 L1- 28 hrs L2- 6 0-100 km/h or 0- 149 km/h or 93
Golf EV 134 HP miles / 35.8 kWh hrs L3- 80% 40 60 mph in 9.6 mph
- 98 kW min sec
BMW i3 EV 170 180 km - 112 L1- 16 hrs L2- 5 0-100 km/h or 0- 150 km/h or 93
HP - 125 kW miles / 33.2 kWh hrs L3- 80% 30 60 mph in 7.3 mph
min sec
Mini Cooper EV 235 km - 146 L1- 16 hrs L2- 5 0-100 km/h or 0- 150 km/h or 93
181 HP - 135 kW miles / 32.6 kWh hrs L3- 80% 35 60 mph in 7 sec mph
min

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 High energy and power density batteries

• Battery cells today can reach nominal energy densities of 140 to 170 watt-

hours per kilo- gram (Wh/kg), compared with 13,000 Wh/kg for gasoline.
• The specific energy of the resulting battery pack is typically 30 to 40 percent
lower.
• Nowadays, Li-Ion batteries have the biggest market segment in equipping
electric vehicles.
• Moderate energy consumption (14.7 kWh/100 km), continuous decline of
the cost price, advanced manufacturing technology, increased cycle
life, low weight and high energy storage potential make Li-Ion batteries
an optimal choice in this field.
• Their disadvantage is represented by high functioning temperatures, which
may have negative effects on their energetic performances and lifecycle.
High energy and power density batteries

General parameters of the Electric Battery component

 Li-ion battery
• A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (LIB) is a
rechargeable battery.
• Used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are
growing in popularity for military and aerospace
applications.
• A prototype Li-ion battery was developed by Akira Yoshino
in 1985.
• Akira Yoshino is a Japanese chemist. He is a fellow of Asahi Kasei Corporation (a multinational Japanese
chemical company) and a professor at Meijo University in Nagoya. He created the first safe, production-
viable lithium-ion battery which became used widely in cellular phones and notebook computers.

• commercial Li-ion battery was developed by a Sony and

Asahi Kasei team led by Yoshio Nishi in 1991.
 Why Li-ion battery?
Environmental benefit and recycling
• Since Li-ion batteries contain less toxic metals than other types of batteries which
may contain lead or cadmium, they are generally categorized as non-hazardous
waste.
• Li-ion battery elements including iron, copper, nickel and cobalt are considered
safe for incinerators and landfills. These metals can be recycled, but mining
generally remains cheaper than recycling.
• In the past, not much was invested into recycling Li-ion batteries due to cost,
complexity and low yield. Since 2018, the recycling yield was increased
significantly, and the recovering of lithium, manganese, aluminum, the organic
solvents of the electrolyte and graphite is possible at industrial scales.
• The extraction of lithium may have an impact on the environment due to water
pollution. Lithium mining takes place in selected mines in North and South
America, Asia, South Africa, Central Andes and China.
• Manufacturing a kg of Li-ion battery takes about 67 megajoule (MJ) of energy.
• The global warming potential of lithium-ion batteries manufacturing strongly
depends on the energy source used in mining and manufacturing operations.
• Various estimates range from 62 to 140 kg CO2-equivalents per kWh.
• Effective recycling can reduce the carbon footprint of the production significantly.
 Hybrid vehicle - Types
Hybrid Vehicle: Combination of Electric motor and Gasoline engine or
Diesel engine

Types:
• Parallel
• Series and
• Power Split
 Parallel Hybrid vehicle

When power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the motor as a
generator for supplemental recharging, much like an alternator in conventional
cars.
Series Hybrid vehicle

• Series hybrids perform at

their best during stop-and-
go traffic, where gasoline
and diesel engines are
inefficient.
• series-hybrid has no
mechanical link between
the ICE and the wheels, the
engine can run at a constant
and efficient rate regardless
of vehicle speed, achieving
higher efficiency (37%,
rather than the ICE average
of 20%) and at low or mixed
speeds this could result in
~50% increase in overall
efficiency.
Power split Hybrid vehicle
 Electronic control system
• the functioning of electric vehicles depends solely on the correct functioning of
electronic control systems.
• there are multiple Electronic Control Unit (ECU)s such as:
• Hybrid ECU
• ICE ECU
• EM ECU
• Transmission ECU
• Power Electronics ECU
• Battery ECU or Battery Management System

Hybrid ECU:
• The Hybrid ECU is in command of all other ECUs and selects the operational
mode based on the driver’s input. The hybrid ECU is responsible for system wide
energy management. Typically the goal of control is to minimize the fuel
consumption. For each litre of petrol, the hybrid ECU tries to provide maximum
mileage. To do this, the hybrid ECU allows or prohibits ICE shutoff. The hybrid ECU
commands the amount of torque and power from the motor and ICE.

ICE ECU:
• This controls the various ICE parameters.
 Electronic control system
EM ECU:
• The EM ECU is responsible for switching of the EM from motoring mode to the
generator mode and also controls the motor to deliver the torque demanded by
the hybrid ECU. The EM ECU consists of various control strategies such as Constant
Torque Control, Field Weakening Control, etc.
Transmission ECU:
• The transmission ECU provides the correct gear ratio to control the torques and
angular speeds of the EM and the ICE.
Power Electronics ECU:
• Having power from a battery is only the first step. The power must be delivered to
the EM, in the motoring mode, at the voltage and current needed. For regenerative
braking, the power must be accepted from the EM. The function of the power
electronic ECU is to receive commands from hybrid ECU, to control inverter energy
flow both ways, that is, charge and discharge, to control switching of EM between
motor and generator modes and to control switching of EM between motor and
generator modes.
Battery ECU or Battery Management System:
• The battery ECU or the battery management system (BMS) monitors and measures
temperature and assures cooling is adequate. The BMS avoids the stress of heat
and over-temperature and the effects of excessive charging or discharging are
eliminated or lessened. The BMS is essentially for long battery life and optimum
fuel efficiency.
Electronic control system
 Solar powered vehicles

• A solar vehicle is an
electric vehicle powered Components
completely or • Solar Array
significantly by direct • Power Trackers
solar energy. • Batteries
• Usually, photovoltaic • Motor
(PV) cells contained in • Controller
solar panels convert the • Solar car brakes
sun's energy directly
into electric energy.
• The term "solar vehicle"
usually implies that solar
energy is used to
power all or part of a
vehicle's propulsion.
• Solar power may be also
used to provide power for
communications or
controls or other
auxiliary functions.
 Solar powered vehicles
Solar Array
• Collect the energy from the sun and converts it into usable electrical energy
Power Trackers
• Power trackers convert the solar array voltage to the system voltage. After it
converts energy, it send the energy to the battery
Batteries
• The batteries store energy from the power tracker and make them available
for the motor’s use.
Motor and Controller
• The motor controller adjusts the amount of energy that flows to the motor
to correspond to the throttle. The motor uses that energy to drive the wheels.
Brake
• Friction brake is a type of automotive that restores heat in the rotating part
(drum brake or disc brake) brake during the application and then releases it
in the air.
• Drum brake: if you press with your leg the brake is connected to the
wheel that is spinning.
• Disc brake: this one brake all the wheels together and make the car
slow down or stop at that moment.
 Solar powered vehicles

• Solar vehicles depend on PV cells to

convert sunlight into electricity.
• Unlike solar thermal energy which
converts solar energy to heat for either
household purposes, industrial purposes
or to be converted to electricity, PV cells
directly convert sunlight into
electricity.
• When sunlight (photons) strikes PV
cells, they excite electrons and allow
them to flow, creating an electrical
current.
• PV cells are made of semiconductor
materials such as silicon and alloys
of indium, gallium and nitrogen.
• Silicon is the most common material
used and has an efficiency rate of 15-
20%.
• https://freewiretech.com/difference-between-
ev-charging-levels
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