ADDITION and SUBTRACTION

of POLYNOMIALS
 ADDITION OF POLYNOMIALS

 Before attempting to add or subtract all types of polynomials, we first need

to add or subtract monomials.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
  1. Add the coefficients and copy the
  2. common literal factors.

  3.

 •If the terms to be added contain parenthesis and signs of operation, omit
the signs of operation and the parenthesis and use only the sign of quality.
• Therefore, we may write as
• Adding these like terms gives us

 
  5.
 •To add expressions composed of like terms and unlike terms,
add the like terms and then write down the unlike terms.
• That is,

Now, let us consider adding polynomials.

  6.
 •Remove the parenthesis and group like terms that is,
• Then combine like terms,

7.
 

¿  4 𝑎2 𝑏+ ( 1− 5 ) 𝑎+ ( −2+3 ) 𝑎 𝑏 2+ 4 𝑏+(−3)
¿  𝟒 𝒂𝟐 𝒃− 𝟒 𝒂+𝒂 𝒃 𝟐+ 𝟒 𝒃 −𝟑
 • Addition of polynomials can be simplified particularly when three or
more polynomials are involved.
• This can be done by arranging the work in columns containing like terms.
• So, the seventh example can be written as

4  𝑎2 𝑏+𝑎 −2 𝑎 𝑏 2+7
  +

 or
 
  8.

Solution 1: Removing parenthesis and grouping like terms.

¿  ( 10 𝑎+7 𝑎 )+ (12 𝑏 )+ ( − 3 𝑐+6 𝑐 ) +(−9 𝑑 )

¿  ( 10+7 ) 𝑎+12 𝑏+ ( −3+ 6 ) 𝑐 − 9 𝑑

¿  𝟏𝟕 𝒂+𝟏𝟐 𝒃+𝟑 𝒄 − 𝟗 𝒅
 Solution 2: Arranging the work in columns containing like terms.
10
  𝑎+12 𝑏 −3 𝑐
  +
𝟏𝟕
  𝒂+𝟏𝟐 𝒃+𝟑 𝒄 − 𝟗 𝒅

 
9.

Solution 1: Removing parenthesis and grouping like terms.

¿  ( 5 𝑥 +12 𝑥+2 𝑥 )+ ( 4 𝑦 − 2 𝑦+5 𝑦 ) + ( −7 𝑧 +5 𝑧 + 4 𝑧 )

 ¿ ( 5+12+ 2 ) 𝑥 + ( 4 − 2+5 ) 𝑦+ ( − 7+5+4 ) 𝑧
¿  𝟏𝟗 𝒙 +𝟕 𝒚 +𝟐 𝒛
Solution 2: Arranging the work in columns containing like terms.

5  𝑥+4 𝑦−7 𝑧
+12
  𝑥 −2 𝑦+5 𝑧
2  𝑥 +5 𝑦+4 𝑧
𝟏𝟗
  𝒙 +𝟕 𝒚 +𝟐 𝒛
  10. Find the perimeter of a triangle with the following measures of its sides:

Solutions:
  Since the perimeter of a polygon is the sum of all the sides the polygon, then
Perimeter of the triangle =

SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
  You have learned the rule: To subtract a number, add its opposite, so,
to subtract , add ; to subtract, add.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
  1. Subtract
 •First, write this as.
• Since is the opposite of , then we can write
  2.

 •Rewrite the problem as.

• Then,.
Let ‘s now consider an expression with more terms.
  3.
 • Each minus sign before a parenthesis indicates subtraction.
• So, we add the opposite of each number in parenthesis, and that is,

  4.

 •Changing subtraction to addition:

• Simplifying and combining like terms:
Let us now consider subtracting polynomials.

• To subtract two polynomials change each sign in the subtrahend to its

opposite and proceed as in addition of polynomials.
• Subtraction, like addition, can be performed either horizontally or
vertically.
  5.
Solution 1: Applying horizontal subtraction.

 
Rewrite the problem as

Remove parenthesis and combine like terms.

 Solution 2: Applying vertical subtraction.

7  𝑥2 − 4 𝑥𝑦+ 8 7  𝑥2 − 4 𝑥𝑦+ 8
  ‒   + ‒
𝟒  𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒙𝒚 +𝟏𝟑
REMEMBER!
• In vertical subtraction, we change the sign of
each term in the subtrahend and proceed to
the rule of addition of polynomials.

 6. What must be added to to get ?

 •The equation can be represented as :
• So, to get the missing expression, subtract from .
• Applying the vertical subtraction:
3
2  𝑥 +6 𝑥 − 3 2  𝑥 3 +6 𝑥 − 3
  + ‒
  ‒
 𝒙𝟑 +𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟖
  • Therefore, the number to be added to to get is
 7. Anne’s age is represented by . Represent her age years ago.
 • Since the age of Anne is to be represented from the past, we have to subtract from
• That is:

• Therefore , the age of Anne years ago is