MODUL

Electrical System

BY
H. Asgaf Alwi
 PERTEMUAN PERTAMA
SISTEM KELISTRIKAN PESAWAT
TERBANG
Namun secara umum sistem kelistrikan
di pesawat sama dengan sistem
kelistrikan pada umumnya.  
Terdiri atas 3 hal yaitu :
1.Sumber listrik (electrical power
source),
2.Sistem distribusi dan
3.Beban (load).
1.Sumber listrik pesawat
Dari jenisnya, sumber listrik dapat
dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu sumber
listrik AC dan sumber listrik DC.
2. Sistem distribusi listrik pesawat
Untuk distribusi listrik, pesawat
memakai sistem bus yang
menghubungkan antara sumber listrik
dengan beban.
3. Beban (Load)
Beban di pesawat terhubung dengan
sistem distribusi listrik pesawat melalui
bus
 BATTERIES
Major Component of a Battery Cell
 Type of Batteries
Lead acid Battery
Nickel-cadmium battery
LEAD ACID BATTERY
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES CONSTRUCTION,
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES CONSTRUCTION
1.A lead-acid cell
contains positive plates
coated with lead
peroxide (Pb02);
2.Negative plates made
of lead (Pb); and
3.A liquid electrolyte,
consisting of sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) and water
(H20).
LEAD ACID BATTERY CELL ELEMENT
 The key to battery operation is
the cell element.
 Positive plates and negative
plates are each connected
together by separate plate
straps.
 These groups of positive and
negative plates are then placed
alternately, separated by
micro-porous separators.
 Assembled together, the plates
and separators form a battery
cell element. Grouping the
plates in this way serves to
enlarge the surface area
between the active materials
and the electrolyte, thus
allowing a greater amount of
electricity to be supplied.
 In other words, the battery
capacity is increased because of
the increase in surface area.
More plate surface area means
the battery can deliver more
current.
Operation of Lead-acid Cells
DischargingOperation
Charging Operation
=Discharging Operation=
DURING DISCHARGE,
 Lead sulfate (PbSO4) is formed on both
the positive and negative plates,
 The acid content of the electrolyte is
decreased, and its water content is
increased.
 As discharge continues, the amount of
lead sulfate on the plates increases until
the sulfate coatings become so thick that
the weakened electrolyte cannot
effectively reach the active materials (lead
and lead peroxide).
 When this happens, chemical reaction is
retarded and the output of the cell is
reduced.
Charge Operation Of Battery
DURING CHARGE,
1. Lead sulfate is
removed from both the
positive and negative
plates, and
2. Sulphuric acid again
formed. In the process,
the water content of
electrolyte is decreased
and the density of the
electrolyte is increased
 BATTERY CYCLING
The battery stores electricity in
the form of chemical energy.
Through a chemical reaction
process the battery creates and
releases electricity as needed by
the electrical system or devices.
Since the battery loses its
chemical energy in this process,
the battery must be recharged by
the alternator.
Reversing electrical current flow
through the battery the chemical
process is reversed, thus charging
the battery.
The cycle of discharging and
charging is repeated continuously
and is called "battery cycling".
 CELL VOLTAGE
 Each cell element
of the battery
produces
approximately
2.1 volts,
regardless of the
quantity or size
of the plates.
Automobile
batteries have
six cells that are
connected in
series, which
produces a total
voltage of 12.6
volts.
 LEAD ACID BATTERY PLATES
 Battery plates are constructed
of a lead alloy containing a
percentage of either Antimony
or Calcium.
 The plates are designed as a
thin flat grid, grids crossing at
right angles (shown below) or
grids crossing diagonally at
different angles which reduces
internal resistance.
 The grid provides the necessary
framework for active material
to be pasted onto the plate,
making either a positive or a
negative plate.
 The active material on a
charged positive plate is a
reddish-brown Lead Dioxide
(PBO2), while the active
material on a charged negative
plate is a grayish Sponge Lead
(PB).
 THE HYDROMETER
 The hydrometer commonly used consists of a small sealed
glass tube weighted at its lower end so it will float up-right.
 Within the narrow stem of the tube is a paper scale with a
range of 1.100 to 1.300.
 When a hydrometer is used, a quantity of electrolyte
sufficient to float the hydrometer is drawn up into the
syringe.
 The depth to which the hydro-meter sinks into the
electrolyte is determined by the density of the electrolyte,
and the scale value indicated at the level of the electrolyte is
its specific gravity.
 The more dense the electrolyte, the higher the hydrometer
will float; therefore, the highest number on the scale (1.300)
is at the lower end of the hydrometer scale.
 THE HYDROMETER

t
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ELECTROLYTE
1.Specific gravity means exact
weight. A "Hydrometer" or a
"Refractometer" compares the
exact weight of electrolyte with
that of water.
2.Electrolyte in a charged
battery is stronger and heavier
than electrolyte in a discharged
battery. By weight, the
electrolyte in a fully charged
battery is about 25% acid and
75% water (for Nickel Cadmium
Batt.).
3.The specific gravity of water is
1.000, and the specific gravity
of sulfuric acid is 1.835, which
means the acid is 1.835 times
heavier than the water.
4.The battery electrolyte
mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1.270 and is
usually stated as "twelve and
seventy."

Pertemuan Kedua
Lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries are
the types of storage batteries in general use.
Lead-acid Battery
 It is usually found in piston
aircraft.
 It is made up of cells which
have positive/negative
plates of lead and filled with
electrolyte of sulfuric acid
and water.
 Each cell has app. 2.2v, but
is simply rated as 2 v.
 It has corrosive effects.
 Frequent total discharge
and remaining battery in
discharged condition for a
long time will shorten the
life of the battery.
 BATTERY RATINGS & CAPACITY
A. In general terms, the capacity of a cell/battery is the amount of
charge available expressed in ampere-hours (Ah). An ampere is the
unit of measurement used for electrical current and is defined as a
coulomb of charge passing through an electrical conductor in one
second.
B. The ampere-hour capacity of a battery depends upon its
1. Total effective plate area.
2. Connecting batteries in parallel increases ampere-hour
capacity.
3. Connecting batteries in series increases the total voltage but
not the ampere-hour capacity.
Note : In multiengine airplanes, where more than one battery is
used, the batteries are usually connected in parallel. The voltage is
equal to that of one battery, but the ampere-hour capacity is
increased. The total capacity is the sum of the ampere-hour ratings
for the individual batteries.
  A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy.
 It is a power reservoir that stores energy in chemical form. It does
not produce energy.
 Its functions are:
- To provide power when no other power source is available
- To assist in damping transient loads in the dc system
A single cell battery may be used on it own or cells may be
connected in series or in parallel depending upon the voltage and
capacity required.
For cells in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected
to the negative terminal of the next and so on.
The total voltage is the sum of the individual cell voltages, but the
capacity is that one of cell.
For cells in parallel the positive terminals are joined together and
the negative terminals are joined together.
The total voltage is that of one cell the capacity is the sum of the
individual cell capacities.
Nickel cadmium battery
- Positive plate is nickel-hydroxide.
- Negative plate is cadmium-hydroxide.
- Electrolyte is potassium hydrodroxide (30%) and
water(70%).
- The specific gravity of the electrolyte is 1.240 – 1.300.
- The on load voltage of one cell is about 1.2 volts.

- To provide a short term source during emergency condition

 The capacity of battery is measured in ampere-hours.
 Its normal rate is a little over 24vdc in a 28vdc system.
 It is automatically recharged when the engine-driven
generator is operational.
 Two types of batteries are used in aircraft
- Lead-acid batteries
- Nickel cadmium batteries
Nickel-cadmium battery
Battery Cell
 Nickel cadmium battery
 They are the most common type of battery used in
turboprop and turbojet aircraft.
 They provide electrical discharge at a high rate without
voltage drop and accept high charge rates that shorten
recharge time
 They may be subject to thermal runaway condition caused
by overheating, in which the battery destructs it self
QUICK-DISCONNECT ASSEMBLY
Battery Installation
Battery charging (constant voltage)
Battery charging (constant current)
Battery Charger TYPE
Battery capacity
- The capacity of battery is the product of the load in ampere
that the manufacturers state it will, and the times in hours that
the battery is capable of supplying that load.
- The capacity measured in ampere hours (A/H).
- A capacity test, a test to determine the actual capacity of aircraft
batteries, is carried out every 3 month, and the efficiency must be
80 % or more for the battery to remain in service.
AIRCRAFT MAIN BATTERY
Purpose :
- To supply power for engine or APU starting.
- To provide emergency power for Inertial Navigation
System ( INS ) or Inertial Refference System ( IRS )
- To provide power to operate Essential Flight Instruments and
radio communication equipments.
- Provide power for emergency lighting.
General Safety Precautions
Hazards of power tools can be prevented by:
 Keep all tools in good condition (regular maintenance).
 Use the right tool for the job.
 Examine for damage before use.
 Operate according to the instructions.
 Use the proper protective equipment.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR HAZARDOUS

Hazards can be listed under:
 Health Hazards (Toxic effects from inhalation).
 Flammability Hazards (Burn under specific conditions)
 Reactivity Hazards (Produce hazardous gases on contact with
other).
 Special Hazards (having radioactive hazards).
 Battery
 A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy.
 It is a power reservoir that stores energy in chemical form. It does not
produce energy.
 Its functions are:
- To provide power when no other power
source is available
- To assist in damping transient loads in the dc
system
- To provide a short term source during emergency
condition
 The capacity of battery is measured in ampere-hours.
 Its normal rate is a little over 24vdc in a 28vdc system.
 It is automatically recharged when the engine-driven generator is
operational.
 Two types of batteries are used in aircraft
- Lead-acid batteries
- Nickel cadmium batteries
 CAUTION:
It is important to use the proper charging procedures for
batteries under test and maintenance. These charging
regimes for reconditioning and charging cycles are defined by
the aircraft manufacturer and should be closely followed.
Aircraft Battery Inspection Aircraft battery inspection consists
of the following items: 1. Inspect battery sump jar and lines
for condition and security. 2. Inspect battery terminals and
quickly disconnect plugs and pins for evidence of corrosion,
pitting, arcing, and burns. Clean as required. 3. Inspect
battery drain and vent lines for restriction, deterioration, and
security. 4. Routine preflight and postflight inspection
procedures should include observation for evidence of
physical damage, loose connections, and electrolyte loss.

Ventilation Systems Modern airplanes are equipped with

battery ventilating systems. The ventilating system removes
gasses and acid fumes from the battery in order to reduce fire
hazards and to eliminate damage to airframe parts.
 Battery
Jika 2 buah Battery
dihub:Paralel atau dihub: Serie
- SERI
V NAIK, A TETAP, T CEPAT
48 X 40 = 1920 WATT
- PARAREL
V TETAP, A TETAP, T LAMA
24 X 40 = 960 WATT
Lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries are
the types of storage batteries ingeneral use.
 Pertemuan Ketiga
Thermal runaway damage

Battery capacity
- The capacity of battery is the
product of the load in ampere
that the manufacturers state it
will, and the times in hours
that the battery is capable of
supplying that load.
- The capacity measured in
ampere hours (A/H).

- A capacity test, a test to determine the actual capacity of

aircraft batteries, is carried out every 3 month, and the
efficiency must be 80 % or more for the battery to remain
in service.
 Pertemuan Ketiga
AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
DC GENERATOR (GENERATOR)
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL POWER
* Some common DC sources are:
- DC generator (Generator)
- Converter - converts AC to DC
- Batteries
CONVERTERS
DC Alternator
 BATTERIES
A battery is made up of a number of cells which convert
chemical energy in to electrical energy by a transfer of
electrons from one material to another causing a potential
difference between them.
The purpose of battery in an aircraft is provide
(menyediakan) an emergency source of power when the
generator is not running and to provide power to start the
engine.
TERDAPAT 3 BATT NIKEL CADNIUM
*2 BATT DIHUB KE ESS BUS BAR

(24 VDC – 40 AH)

DPT DIGUNAKAN U/ START

(24 VDC & 48 VDC) & STBY PWR SAAT EMERGENCY.

*1 BATT DI HUB KE AUX BUS BAR

(22-26 VDC – 7 AH) SEBAGAI SUMBER TEGANGAN KONSTAN MELALUI AUX/PRIMARY BUS BAR
BATTERIES
STARTER GENERATOR

MEMILIKI 2
FUNGSI:
◦*SEBAGAI STARTER
PD SAAT MELAKS
START E/G
(MEMUTAR &
AKSELERASI)
◦*SUMBER
TEGANGAN DC` pd
300 Amp 28 V-DC
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
To maintain the system voltage with the limit necessary
for the correct operation of the Electrical services.
The automatic control of the generator field strength
using various type of Voltage Regulator.

Voltage regulation theory

Basic theory of voltage regulator
1. Field coil 2.Resistor 3.Needle 4.Spring
5.Armature 6.Electro magnet
Carbon Pile Voltage Regulator
1.Field coil 2.Screw adjustment
3.Tube for carbon pile 4.Carbon pile
5.Armature 6.Spring (bimetalic spring)
7. Electro magnet 8. Trimmer/reostat
CARBON PILE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 SOLID STATE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Two type of solid state voltage regulator
1. Transistorized voltage regulator which
use
transistor to control field current to
control
the output voltage of the generator.
2. Transistorized voltage regulator which
use
solid state and sense the voltage to field
coil by Zenner Diode
Transistorized Voltage Regulator
 APU PICK UP POINT
INPUT
28VDC 600 -1200AMP

UTILITY PICK UP POINT

OUT PUT
28 VDC TO EXT SERVICE
Berikut beberapa tindakan pencegahan untuk
keamanan yang harus diperhatikan :
 - Yakinkan satuan listrik apa yang
akan ditest.
 - Set selector switch ke range yang
lebih tinggi.
 - Set penunjukan indicator pointer
pada posisi 0 (nol), melalui zero
corrector.
 Penempatan test lead probe harus tepat, dan
posisi change over switch harus sesuai.

 Cara pengukuran lihat video

 WORKSHOP PRACTICE
=Salah satu penyebab terjadinya incidents dan
accidents, dapat disebabkan oleh tertinggalnya
tools dipesawat setelah tool tersebut digunakan
(FOD).
=Untuk mengurangi kemungkinan hal tersebut,
perlu adanya sistem kontrol .
=Menginventarisir, dan menghitung tool yang
selesai digunakan.
=Membuat papan “ Shadow boxes”, dengan
silhouette dari masing-masing tool, sehingga
dengan mudah dan cepat keberadaan tool dapat
diketahui.