DAV

PRESENTATION

Topic: Artificial Intelligence (.A.I.)

NAME OF THE STUDENT: SRIJAN PURAKAYASTHA

CLASS AND SECTION: VIII – F
ROLL NO. : 50
ADMISSION NO. : 10600
 INTRODUCTION TO A.I

DEFINITION :-
 Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes
by machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI
include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition
and machine vision.
 AI is made from vast amounts of natural resources, fuel, and human labor.
And it's not intelligent in any kind of human intelligence way.
 Types of A.I Applications

 There are 5 types of A.I applications.

1. Analytic AI
2. Functional AI
3. Interactive AI
4. Text AI
5. Visual AI
 Analytic AI
o Artificial Intelligence is the power-driven with machine
learning is helping to retrieve insights into the resources.
o This advance technology seamless in bringing detailed
information for more futuristic decisions.
o Incorporating advanced deep learning techniques to
produce in-person recommendations.
 Functional AI
o Functional AI is somewhat similar to analytic AI.
Functional AI instead of offering recommendations takes
actions instantly.
o Talking about the working functional AI examines huge
amounts of data for patterns and dependencies in a
particular process.
o This helps to regulate several tasks in speed without any
halt.
 Interactive AI
o Interactive AI is holding a strong grip in the space of businesses
allowing to automate communicate effectively and interactively.
o AI can help improve a company’s internal processes without
negotiating.
Chatbot
o Chatbots and smart personal assistants are using interactive AI for
understanding the conversation context.
o AI Interactive was dedicated to creating a chatbot to facilitate the
corporate process.
 Text AI
o Text AI is one of the frequent used in the business.
o The emphasis of Text AI is to strengthen the internal corporate
knowledge base with the content generation capabilities.
o Businesses in the different sectors are using Text AI to utilize text
recognition, speech-to-text conversion, and machine translation to
provide good service.
o With AI powered Solutions, search and natural language
processing can be integrated for the hassle-less process.
 Visual AI
o This type of AI can help the businesses to identify or recognize
objects after scanning the objects.
o This type of AI is mostly utilized in computer vision or augmented
reality fields.
o This helps convert images and videos into useful insights.
o Business in retails is more into this type of AI that projects more
details after object recognition. Including such kind of AI strategies
into business help a retailer to enhance and personalize their
customer service.
 Types of A.I
 There are two types of A.I.
 Based on ability.
1. Narrow A.I
2. General A.I
3. Strong A.I
 Based on Functionality.
1. Reactive Machines
2. Limited Memory
3. Theory of mind
4. Self awareness
 Based on ability
Narrow A.I
o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of
Artificial Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
o Apple Siri a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
 Based on ability
General A.I
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task
with efficiency like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter
and think like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and
can perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with
General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
efforts and time to develop such systems.
 Based on ability
Strong A.I
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than
human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the
ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.
 Based on Functionality

Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for
future actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as
per possible best action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
 Based on Functionality

Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data
for a short period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the
distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.
 Based on Functionality

Theory of mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions,
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines.
 Based on Functionality

Self awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These
machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a
hypothetical concept.
Pros and cons of artificial intelligence

Pros of Artificial intelligence 

 Tackling Tedious Task:
 Artificially Intelligent empowered solutions are offering one of the
significant advantages of handling complex/tedious situations.
Businesses are utilizing the ability of AI to perform any size of tasks
within the time frame.
 Eliminating repetitive task:
 AI manages and eliminates complex tasks for handling more
important matters. AI programmed strategies works without
impacting productivity while performing repetitive tasks that are
necessary.
Pros and cons of artificial intelligence

Pros of Artificial intelligence 

 Taking Fast decision: 
 Businesses of any size depend on taking the fast and correct decision. AI-
enabled strategies offer significant solutions to overcome the barrier while
taking a unique decision.
 Error-free process:
 In many sectors, there are few fields where there is no place for the error. The
implementation of AI helps to solve and identify the error in the process with
accuracy.
Pros and cons of artificial intelligence

Cons of Artificial intelligence 

 Cost of maintenance:
 Highly empowered AI tools or strategies offer high cost to maintain and
manage. The AI-empowered solution or system with every update needs to
match the new updates.
 Unemployment:
 The replacement of humans by intelligent machines is a big concern in every
sphere. The concern of unemployment is one of the leading dispute in the big
market.
Pros and cons of artificial intelligence

Cons of Artificial intelligence 

 Lack of humanity:
 The working of AI is always based on algorithms and
calculations. So there are zero humanity concerns. The worst
part is that the AI-based judgments may lack humanity, emotion
judgment, thinking or sentimental qualities.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

 Intelligent robots and artificial beings first appeared in the ancient

Greek myths of Antiquity.
 Aristotle's development of syllogism and its use of deductive
reasoning was a key moment in mankind's quest to understand its
own intelligence.
 While the roots are long and deep, the history of artificial
intelligence as we think of it today spans less than a century.
 The following is a quick look at some of the most important events
in AI. 
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1940s
 (1943) Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical
Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity." The paper proposed
the first mathematical model for building a neural network. 
 (1949) In his book The Organization of Behavior: A
Neuropsychological Theory, Donald Hebb proposes the theory that
neural pathways are created from experiences and that connections
between neurons become stronger the more frequently they're used.
Hebbian learning continues to be an important model in AI.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1950s
 (1950) Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence, proposing what is now known as the Turing Test, a
method for determining if a machine is intelligent. 
 (1950) Harvard undergraduates Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds
build SNARC, the first neural network computer.
 (1950) Claude Shannon publishes the paper "Programming a
Computer for Playing Chess."
 (1950) Isaac Asimov publishes the "Three Laws of Robotics."  
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1950s
 (1952) Arthur Samuel develops a self-learning program to play checkers. 
 (1954) The Georgetown-IBM machine translation experiment
automatically translates 60 carefully selected Russian sentences into
English. 
 (1956) The phrase artificial intelligence is coined at the "Dartmouth
Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence." Led by John
McCarthy, the conference, which defined the scope and goals of AI, is
widely considered to be the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it
today. 
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1950s
 (1956) Allen Newell and Herbert Simon demonstrate Logic Theorist (LT), the
first reasoning program. 
 (1958) John McCarthy develops the AI programming language Lisp and
publishes the paper "Programs with Common Sense." The paper proposed the
hypothetical Advice Taker, a complete AI system with the ability to learn from
experience as effectively as humans do.  
 (1959) Allen Newell, Herbert Simon and J.C. Shaw develop the General
Problem Solver (GPS), a program designed to imitate human problem-solving. 
 (1959) Herbert Gelernter develops the Geometry Theorem Prover program.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1950s
 (1959) Arthur Samuel coins the term machine learning while at
IBM.
 (1959) John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT
Artificial Intelligence Project.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1960s
 (1963) John McCarthy starts the AI Lab at Stanford.
 (1966) The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) report
by the U.S. government details the lack of progress in machine translations
research, a major Cold War initiative with the promise of automatic and
instantaneous translation of Russian. The ALPAC report leads to the cancellation
of all government-funded MT projects. 
 (1969) The first successful expert systems are developed in DENDRAL, a XX
program, and MYCIN, designed to diagnose blood infections, are created at
Stanford.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1970s
• (1972) The logic programming language PROLOG is created.
• (1973) The "Lighthill Report," detailing the disappointments in AI research, is
released by the British government and leads to severe cuts in funding for
artificial intelligence projects. 
• (1974-1980) Frustration with the progress of AI development leads to major
DARPA cutbacks in academic grants. Combined with the earlier ALPAC report
and the previous year's "Lighthill Report," artificial intelligence funding dries
up and research stalls. This period is known as the "First AI Winter." 
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1980s
 1980) Digital Equipment Corporations develops R1 (also known as XCON), the
first successful commercial expert system. Designed to configure orders for
new computer systems, R1 kicks off an investment boom in expert systems that
will last for much of the decade, effectively ending the first "AI Winter."
 (1982) Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry launches the
ambitious Fifth Generation Computer Systems project. The goal of FGCS is to
develop supercomputer-like performance and a platform for AI development.
 (1983) In response to Japan's FGCS, the U.S. government launches the
Strategic Computing Initiative to provide DARPA funded research in advanced
computing and artificial intelligence. 
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1980s
 (1985) Companies are spending more than a billion dollars a year on
expert systems and an entire industry known as the Lisp machine market
springs up to support them. Companies like Symbolics and Lisp
Machines Inc. build specialized computers to run on the AI
programming language Lisp. 
 (1987-1993) As computing technology improved, cheaper alternatives
emerged and the Lisp machine market collapsed in 1987, ushering in the
"Second AI Winter." During this period, expert systems proved too
expensive to maintain and update, eventually falling out of favor.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

1990s
 (1991) U.S. forces deploy DART, an automated logistics planning and
scheduling tool, during the Gulf War.
 (1992) Japan terminates the FGCS project in 1992, citing failure in meeting
the ambitious goals outlined a decade earlier.
 (1993) DARPA ends the Strategic Computing Initiative in 1993 after
spending nearly $1 billion and falling far short of expectations. 
 (1997) IBM's Deep Blue beats world chess champion Gary Kasparov
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

2000s
 (2005) STANLEY, a self-driving car, wins the DARPA Grand
Challenge.
 (2005) The U.S. military begins investing in autonomous robots
like Boston Dynamics' "Big Dog" and iRobot's "PackBot."
 (2008) Google makes breakthroughs in speech recognition and
introduces the feature in its iPhone app. 
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

2010-2014
 (2011) IBM’s Watson trounces the competition on Jeopardy!. 
 (2011) Apple releases Siri, an AI-powered virtual assistant through its iOS operating
system. 
 (2012) Andrew Ng, founder of the Google Brain Deep Learning project, feeds a neural
network using deep learning algorithms 10 million YouTube videos as a training set.
The neural network learned to recognize a cat without being told what a cat is,
ushering in the breakthrough era for neural networks and deep learning funding.
 (2014) Google makes the first self-driving car to pass a state driving test. 
 (2014) Amazon's Alexa, a virtual home is released 
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

2015-2021
 (2016) Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo defeats world champion Go player
Lee Sedol. The complexity of the ancient Chinese game was seen as a
major hurdle to clear in AI.
 (2016) The first "robot citizen", a humanoid robot named Sophia, is
created by Hanson Robotics and is capable of facial recognition, verbal
communication and facial expression.
 (2018) Google releases natural language processing engine BERT,
reducing barriers in translation and understanding by machine learning
applications.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

2015-2021
• (2018) Waymo launches its Waymo One service, allowing users
throughout the Phoenix metropolitan area to request a pick-up from
one of the company's self-driving vehicles.
• (2020) Baidu releases its LinearFold AI algorithm to scientific and
medical teams working to develop a vaccine during the early stages of
the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The algorithm is able to predict the RNA
sequence of the virus in just 27 seconds, 120 times faster than other
methods.
 Conclusion
 AI is at the centre of a new enterprise to build computational models of
intelligence.
 The main assumption is that intelligence (human or otherwise) can be
represented in terms of symbol structures and symbolic operations which
can be programmed in a digital computer.
 There is much debate as to whether such an appropriately programmed
computer would be a mind, or would merely simulate one, but AI
researchers need not wait for the conclusion to that debate, nor for the
hypothetical computer that could model all of human intelligence.
 Conclusion
 Aspects of intelligent behaviour, such as solving problems, making inferences,
learning, and understanding language, have already been coded as computer
programs, and within very limited domains, such as identifying diseases of
soybean plants, AI programs can outperform human experts.
 Now the great challenge of AI is to find ways of representing the commonsense
knowledge and experience that enable people to carry out everyday activities
such as holding a wide-ranging conversation, or finding their way along a busy
street.
 Conventional digital computers may be capable of running such programs, or we
may need to develop new machines that can support the complexity of human
thought.
Thank You