Reviewed by :

Nur Masyittah Irmi (18/433843/PPA/05658)

INTRODUCTION
Juice, Ketchup, Tomato paste,
Soup, Sauce, etc.
Industries

wastes

Tomato Tomato pomace

a solid residue contains peel and seeds in a varied
proportion, represents 3–5% of the total weight
of processed tomatoes.
Lycopene

Source for low-cost extraction of

Animal feeds
Lycopene (from skin) and Oil (from
seed).
At the end of ripening, lycopene levels
in the skin are about five times higher
than in the pulp.
INTRODUCTION
Cold pressing or centrifugation
Avocado Oils (clean technologies, but low
extraction yields).
Extraction

Using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)

produces high extraction yield of product (oil)
and byproduct (defatted cake) with any traces of
organic solvents

scCO2 is an ideal solvent for

extraction many natural
Addition of a co-solvent to
compounds that require mild
Having health benefits, due to scCO2 improves the
conditions due to its non-
its triacylglycerols contain extraction efficiency toxic and non-flammable
high levels of unsaturated fatty
nature
acids.
 INTRODUCTION
Some examples of scCO2 extraction of carotenoids and avocado oil. Raw material,
product and experimental extraction conditions.

Goals

Using scCO2 in simultaneous

extractions of avocado oil and use
it as a co-solvent for carotenoid
extraction from tomato pomace to
produce lycopene-rich avocado
oil and a semi-defatted avocado
cake of potential commercial
Vegetable oils are indicated as good scCO2 co-solvent for value.
carotenoid extraction instead of ethanol.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Raw materials and their characterization
Analyze the particle size
distribution, the real density, the
apparent density (ρa) of the
avocado bed, and the porosity (έ)
of the bed.

dried
Moisture content
Avocado (variety Haas) from Jaguacy (Jaguacy
analysing was
Brasil − Bauru/SP/Brazil)
measured by the
Fresh Raw Materials
gravimetric method frozen at −80oC
in ultra-freezer

Freeze Dried Samples

crushed in a
knifemill
Tomato pomace from Cargill (Cargill Foods
Brazil − Tomato Products; Pomace − peeland Simultanous extraction
seed by-product). with scCO2
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Extraction Procedures
Extraction curves Simultaneous Extraction
Two extraction curves (extract mass as a Ratios between raw materials and experimental conditions of
function of time) of avocado and tomato temperature and pressure
pomace were constructed and used to measure
periods of constant extraction rate (CER) and
falling extraction rate (FER)

5 g of raw material was utilized in the bed,

flow rate of scCO2 was 1.5 L/min (2.475
g/min) at 50 OC and 400 bar, and extract
samples were collected at predefined periods,
during a total of 3,5 h.

Experiments were performed in triplicate at the average conditions

of 50oC, 300 bar, 5 g of avocado and 5 g of tomato residue. In the
extraction 220 L of CO2 were used, with a total extraction period
of 2,4 h.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Global yield
The overall extraction yield was obtained by the
ratio (in %) between the extract mass (Mextract)
obtained and the weight of the raw material
(Minitial) submitted to the extraction process.
Lipid content
2 g of the sample were extracted with soxhlet
method using 500 mL of hexane in for 6 h. The
extracts were regarded as being composed of
100% lipids, since they contained less than 0.1%
lycopene.
Lycopene content
 The concentration of lycopene (μg lycopene/g extract)
was obtained from equation:
where:
A, V, M are the absorbance of the solution at the
wavelength of 470 nm, final volume of the solution,
sample mass in the analysis and = 3450, the extinction
coefficient.
Lycopene recovery was calculated as the mass of
lycopene contained in the extract divided by the total
existing lycopene mass in the raw material sample used in
the experiments.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Characterization of Avocado and Tomato Pomace

The presence of water in the raw material increases the resistance to mass transfer, hindering contact between the
supercritical solvent and the compounds of interest. The average particle diameter directly affects the supercritical
extraction efficiency, the smaller the particle size the greater the quantity of extract obtained.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Overall Extraction Curves

Extraction kinetics in a fixed bed at 400 bar and 50 oC of freeze-dried pulp composed of
(a) avocado and (b) tomato pomace

Avocado pulp contains an oil 5 times greater than the tomato pomace.
Avocado pulp gives 57% yield from a total of 68% oil while tomato
pomace gives 9% yield from a total of 13% oil.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Simultaneous Extraction of Oil and Lycopene
Extraction yield and recovery of lycopene and lipids from the supercritical combined extraction of 50% of freeze-dried tomato
pomace with avocado for different conditions of T and P (For avocado S/F = 66).

Behavior of extraction yield, concentration and recovery of lycopene and oil in supercritical extracts from
combined extraction of equal parts avocado pulp and tomato pomace.

one anomalous behavior at 40oC, the

The increase
global inyield
pressure
was bigger thanbehaviour
Similar at otherto
at constant temperature
temperatures and at 400
fig.abar,
duethe yields
to the basic The best lycopene The highest lycopene was
affects were
the overall yields
practically independent of extract
composition of is yield obtained at 50oC obtained at 40oC and 200
temperature lipid. and 400 bar. bar.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Extraction yield and recovery of lycopene and lipids from the supercritical combined extraction of Tomato Pomace and
Avocado for different proportions of the freeze-dried raw materials, at 400 bar and 50 oC. (For avocado S/F varies between
73 and 220).

Extraction with 60% avocado in its composition showed a recovery of 79.8%. Therefore, the co-
extraction process enabled a better solubilization of lycopene in avocado oil, causing an increase in
lycopene recovery in the extract.

Behavior of lycopene concentration and recovery in supercritical extracts resulting from combined extraction at 50 oC and
400 bar in different proportions of avocado pulp and tomato pomace.

The increase in percentage of avocado used for the extraction

process resulted in an increase in the overall lycopene extraction
yield. When increasing the avocado pulp percentage as a co-
solvent of lycopene extraction, there was a reduction in the
lycopene concentration of the extract because the extract was
containing a larger amount of vegetable oil and provide an
extract with diluted lycopene.
CONCLUSIONS

Extraction of the tomato pomace, without the use of oil as a co-solvent, resulted in a highly concentrated
extract with low yield, while extraction with oil as a co-solvent with CO 2 resulted in a little concentrated
extract with higher yield.

The lycopene extraction yields (lycopene recovery) increased as the proportion of avocado increased and
the best condition for extraction of lycopene present in tomato pomace was at 400 bar and 50 oC.

The extracts are raw avocado oils enriched with about 110–170 μg of lycopene per gram of oil, resulting
from up to 80% recovery of oil and lycopene. The resulting avocado cake is a semi-defatted product
with potential commercial value.
Thank you 