ENGLISH STRUCTURE & GRAMMAR

"a sentence must have a subject

and a verb"

S+V
 LANGUAGE USAGE
1. Parts of Speech
2. English Tenses
3. Modal Auxiliaries & Similar Expressions
4. Passive Voice
5. Gerunds and Infinitives
6. Singular and Plural
7. Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)
8. Direct – Indirect (Reported Speech)
9. Elliptic Construction
10. Connectors (Kata Penghubung)
11. Conjunctions (Kata Sambung)
12. Conditional Sentences
13. Causative
14. Preferences
 PARTS OF SPEECH
Preposi Conjun
tions ctions
Adverb Interjec
s tions

Adjecti The Eight

Parts of
ves Speech

Verbs
Pronou
ns
Nouns
 Nouns Name things
Namers
Pronouns Rename things
Show action or link
Performers Verbs
words
Describe nouns and
Adjectives
pronouns
Describers
Describe verbs,
Adverbs
adjectives, adverbs
Join nouns, pronouns to
Prepositions
Connectors sentence
Conjunctions Connect words
Exclaimers Interjections Show strong feeling
 ENGLISH TENSES

The past was yesterday.

The present is now.
The future is tomorrow.
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE PAST FUTURE

PRESENT FUTURE PAST FUTURE

CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS

PAST FUTURE
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT
PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PAST FUTURE

PERFECT
CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
 MODAL AUXILIARIES & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

e.g. He can speak Chinese.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in
Simple Present and Simple Past.
e.g. He should not be late.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or
the future tenses.
e.g. He will can go with us. Not Correct
She musted study very hard. Not Correct
Common Modal Verbs

Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would

Some expressions which are not modal verbs including had better, have to,
and have got to. These expressions are closely related to modals in
meaning and are often interchanged with them.
PASSIVE VOICE
Kalimat pasif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan,
sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan.
 
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:
1.Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang
predikatnya kata kerja/V)
2.Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah
kalimat yang memiliki objek penderita.
3.Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat.
Perubahan terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.
4.Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini
bukan merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )
   Contoh : (Aktive)   Bajuri loves Oneng
                                      S     P/V1      O
                  (Passive)  Oneng is loved by Bajuri.
                                      S          P/V3
                  (Active)    I bought a new motorcycle last week.
                  (passive)   A new motorcycle was bought by me last week 
 Tenses
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Continuous
Present perfect continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
Past Futurre Continuous
Past Future Perfect Continu
Simple Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Past Future
Modal (present)
Modal (past)
Active
S + V1
S + V2
S + am/is/are + V-ing
S + have/has + been + V-ing
S + was/were + V-ing
S + had + been + V-ing
S + will/shall + be + V-ing
S + will + have + V-ing
S + would + be + V-ing+
S +would +have+been+V-ing
S + have/has + V3
S + had + V3
S + will/shall + V1
S + would/should + V1
S + may/can/must + V1
S + might/could/had to + V1
Passive
S + am/is/are + V3
S + was/were + V3
S + am/is/are + being + V3
S + have/has +been + being  +V3
S + was/were + being + V3
S + had + been + being + V3
S + will/shall + be + being + V3
S + will +have+been+ being +V3
S + would + be + being + V3
S +would+have+been+ being+V3
S + have/has + been + V3
S + had + been + V3
S + will/shall + be + V3
S + would/should + be + V3
S + may/can/must + be + V3
S + might/could/had to + be + V3
 GERUND & INFINITIVE
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata
kerja yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:
• Verb/ kata kerja sebagai subjek.
Swimming is a good sport.
• Verb sebagai complement/ pelengkap.
My hobby is cycling.
• Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.
I am sorry for coming late.
Before leaving, he said nothing.
• Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, can’t help/
can’t bear, to be used to, get used to.
It is no use studying without practicing.
• Setelah possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, our, their, Amir’s, dll)
His staring frightens me.
• Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu
We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
 admit consider enjoy mind recall
appreciate avoid finish miss regret
claim delay quit postpone report
can’t help deny resist practice recent
resume risk suggest advise resist
 SINGULAR & PLURAL
expressions
nouns
of quantity

count uncou used with

count
used with
noncount
able ntable nouns nouns
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Adjective Clauses

Relative Punctuation in
pronouns adjective clauses
 DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct (kalimat langsung) Indirect (kalimat tidak
langsung)
   
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Future Past Future
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Direct Indirect
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow  The next day
  The day after
  The following day
Next…  A day later
The… after
The following…
Last…  The…before
 …ago  The previous …
Yesterday  …before
  …earlier
The day before yesterday The day before
The previous day
Two day before
Here There
This That
These those
CONNECTORS
Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih
menjadi satu kalimat. Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:

• Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.

– We went home after the rain stopped.
– I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.
– I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.
– While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.
– I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.
• Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.
– I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.
– I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.
– Since I have no money, I can’t treat you.
• Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.
– first, we must prepare the ingredients.
– Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.
– After that, we put them into frying pan.
– Finally, we put some sauce and salt.   
CONJUNCTIONS
Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk
menyambung dua kalimat/kata-kata.
• Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or,
but, for, although/though, that, if, dll.
• Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:
 both…and…  (…dan juga….)
 not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…)
 either…or…  (….maupun…)
 neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…)  
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Future Conditional (type 1)
Kalimat yang diucapkan dan
kenyataan yang sebenarnya
tidak bertolak belakang.
Apa yang diucapkan, itulah
yang diharapkan.
Kemungkinan harapan
terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah
ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi
kalau syarat terpenuhi.
If + simple present  + simple
future/modal
Present Conditional (type 2) Past Conditional (type 3)
 Kalimat yang diucapkan
bertolak belakang dengan
kenyataan yang sebenarnya
di masa sekarang. Kalau
kalimatnya (+), maka
makna/meaning-nya (-) dan
sebaliknya. Kemungkinan
harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini
adalah tidak ada (hanya
imajinasi saja).
If + simple past + past
future/modal
Kalimat yang digunakan
untuk menyatakan
kewajiban/kegiatan yang
dilakukan dimasa lampau,
tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak
terpenuhi. Kalimat ini
diucapkan bertolak
belakang dengan kenyataan
yang sebenarnya di masa
lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+),
maka makna/meaning yang
disampaikan (-) dan
sebaliknya.
Kemungkinan harapan
terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah
tidak ada (hanya imajinasi
saja)
If  +  past perfect + past
future perfect/modal perfect
 PREFERENCES
Menyukai A ketimbang B
1) S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing
- Dona prefers dancing to singing.
  (Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)
 
2) S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing
- I like T.V better than radio.
- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.
 
3) S + would rather + V1 + than + V1
- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game.
  (Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)
 
4) S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1
 - Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS.
  (Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)