M.

Subhan

III. Sequence, Series, and Trigonometry

Arithmetic Sequence/Progression
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of the form
a, a+d, a+2d, …
The number a is the first term, and d is the common difference of the sequence.
The difference between two consecutive terms is d
an − an−1 = d
——————————
The nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
The nth term of the arithmetic sequence a, a+d, a+2d, … is
a + (n-1) d
a1, a2, a3 are the first three terms.
a(n+1)/2 is called middle term.
an and an+1 are two consecutive terms
——————————
Partial sum of Arithmetic Sequence
For arithmetic sequence a, a+d, a+2d, …, the nth partial sum
Sn = (n/2)(2a + (n − 1)d)
or
Sn = (n/2)(a + an)
——————————
Geometric Sequence
a, ar, ar2, … is a geometric sequence
a1=a is the first term.
an=arn-1 is the n-th term of the geometric sequence.
r is the common ratio.
——————————
Partial Sum of Geometric Sequence
Let Sn be the partial sum of the geometric sequence. Then
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + … + arn−1

rn  1
or Sn= a
r 1
——————————

English for Math III-1

 M.Subhan

The sum of finite or infinite sequence

 an = a1 + a2 + ..
is called series.

Practice
1. Find the first 6 terms and the 300th term of the arithmetic sequence 13,7....
2. The 10th term of an arithmetic sequence is 55 and the 2nd term is 7. Find the
1st term.
3. Find the sum of the first 40 terms of the arithmetic sequence 3,7,11,15...
4. Find the 8th term of the geometric sequence 5,15,45.....
5. The 3rd term of a geometric sequence is 63/4, and the 6th term is 1701/32.
Find the 8th term.
6. Find the sum of the first 5 terms of the geometric sequence 1, 0.7, 0.49,
0.343,...

Trigonometry
 Trigonometry is the study of angle measurement.
 When you have a right triangle there are 5 things we can know about it : the
lengths of the sides (A, B, and C), and the measures of the acute angles (a
and b)

b
C
A
a
B
Some terminology:
 The hypotenuse will always be the longest side, and opposite from the right
angle.
 The opposite side is the side directly across from the angle you are
considering (angle a).
 The adjacent side is the side next to angle you are considering.

The Trigonometric Functions

 Sin x = Opposite side/Hypotenuse

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 Cos x = Adjacent side/Hypotenuse

 Tan x = Opposite side/Adjacent side

Here is a way to remember how to make the 3 basic Trig Ratios

SOHCAHTOA is pronounced “Sew Caw Toe A” and it means
Sin is Opposite over Hypotenuse,
Cos is Adjacent over Hypotenuse,
and Tan is Opposite over Adjacent

We can use the mnemonic

Silly Old Hen, Cackles And Howls, Till Old Age.

 Cot a = adjacent side/opposite side

 Sec a = hypotenuse/adjacent side
 Csc a = hypotenuse/opposite side

 This relationship can be summarized:

1 1 1
sin   cos   tan  
csc  sec  cot 

1 1 1
csc   sec   cot  
sin  cos  tan 

Practice
Fill the table below and say the equation, such as sin(00)=….
Degrees Radians Sin Cos Tan
0 0
30 π/6
45 π/4
60 π/3
90 π/2

Periodicity
The trigonometric functions are periodic. The sine and cosine functions have the
period 2π (3600); the tangent and cotangent functions have the period π (1800).

Quadrant relations.
 All functions have positive values for angles in Quadrant I, Sine and Cosecant
have positive values for angles in Quadrant II, Tangent and Cotangent have

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positive values for angles in Quadrant III, Cosine and Secant have positive
values for angles in Quadrant IV.
 It will help to memorize by learning these words in Quadrants I - IV:
“All students take calculus”
And remembering reciprocal identities

students all sin (csc) all

take calculus tan (cot) cos (sec)

The Formulas for Addition and Subtraction

sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan(A + B) = tan A + tan B / (1 - tan A tan B)
tan(A - B) = tan A - tan B / (1 + tan A tan B)

The Phytagorean Identities

sin2   cos 2   1
1  cot 2   csc 2 
tan2   1  sec 2 

The Formulas for Double Angles

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
tan 2A = 2 tan A / (1 – tan2 A)

The Formulas for Half Angles

 1  cos 
sin 
2 2
 1  cos 
cos 
2 2
 1  cos 
tan 
2 1  cos 

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 M.Subhan

The Sine Rule

Sin A Sin B Sin C
= = c
a b

B
c
a

A C
b
The Cosine Rules

a² = b² + c² - 2bc cos A B
c
b² = a² + c² - 2ac cos B
a
c² = a² + b² - 2ab cos C
A C

Sometimes when we use right triangles to model real-life situations, we use the
terms angle of elevation and angle of depression.
If you are standing on the ground and looking up at a hot air balloon, the angle
that you look up from ground level is called the angle of elevation. If someone is in
the hot air balloon and looks down to the ground to see you, the angle that they have
to lower their eyes, from looking straight ahead, is called the angle of depression.
Balloon

Angle of
depression

Angle of
elevation
You

Practice
1. Without using calculator, find cos(150).
2. Find the values of x for which sin 3x = 0.5 if it is given that 0 < x < 900.
3. What is the equal value in degrees for x radians?

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Glossaries
Words Pronunciations
arithmetic /ə'rɪθmətɪk/
common /'kɒmən/
consecutive /kən'sekjʊtɪv/
difference /'dɪfrəns/
finite /'faɪnaɪt/
geometric /dƷɪə'mətrɪk/
infinite /'ɪnfɪnət/
middle /'mɪdl/
partial /'pɑ:∫l/
progression /'prə'gre∫n/
ratio /'reɪ∫ɪəʊ/
sequence /'si:kwəns/
series /'sɪəri:z/
term /tɜ:m/

Symbols Words Pronunciations

sin x sine x /saɪn/
cos x cos x; cosine x /kɒz/;/kɒzaɪn/
tan x tan x; tangent x /tæn/;/tændƷənt/
sec x sec x /sek/
csc x cosec x /'kəʊsek/
cot x cotangent x /'kəʊtændƷənt /
adjacent /ə'dƷeɪsnt/
angle /'æŋgl/
degrees /dɪ'gri:z/
hypotenuse /haɪ'pɒtənyu:z/
identity /aɪ'dentətɪ/
opposite /ɒpəzɪt/
period /'pɪərɪəd/
quadrant /'kwɒdrənt/
radian /'rəɪdɪən/
reciprocal /rɪ'siprəkl/
trigonometry /trɪgə'nɒmətrɪ/

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 M.Subhan

Greek Alphabets
Α α alpha /'ælfə/
Β β beta /'bi:tə/
Γ γ gamma /'gæmə/
Δ δ delta /'deltə/
Ε ε epsilon /'epsilən/
Ζ ζ zeta /'ziːtə/
Η η eta /'iːtə/
Θ θ theta /'θiːtə/
Ι ι iota /aɪ'əʊtə/
Κ κ kappa /'kæpə/
Λ λ lamda /'læmdə/
Μ μ mu /'mjuː/
Ν ν nu /'njuː/
Ξ ξ xi /'ksaɪ/
Ο ο omicron /'əʊmɪkrən/
Π π pi /'paɪ/
Ρ ρς rho /'rəʊ/
Σ σ sigma /'sɪgmə/
Τ τ tau /'tɑʊ /
Υ υ upsilon /'jʊpsɪlən/
Φ φ phi /'faɪ/
Χ χ chi /'kaɪ/
Ψ ψ psi /'psaɪ/
Ω ω omega /'əʊmɪgə/

English for Math III-7