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MATHEMATICS 9
Lesson/Topic: Illustration of the Six Trigonometric Ratios
Quarter IV Week 1 and 2

Introduction:

Lesson Objectives:
• Define the six trigonometric ratios.
• Illustrate the six trigonometric ratios.
• Show perseverance in illustrating trigonometric ratios.

Pre-Assessment:
Direction. Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer in your answer sheet.
1. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side?
a. sine b. cosine c. tangent d. cosecant
2. Determine the correct formula for tan ratio of ∠B?
a. tan B=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵/ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
b. tan B=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵 / 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵
c. tan B=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠e /𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ∠𝐵
d. tan B=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵/ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
3. The ratio of the side opposite the given angle to the hypotenuse is,
a. sine b. cosine c. tangent d. cosecant
4. The correct formula for cosine ratio of ∠A is,
a. cos A= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴/ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
b. cos A= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 / 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴
c. cos A=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠e / 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ∠𝐴
d. cos A = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 / 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
5. From the figure at the right, find the missing angle to the nearest degree.

a. 30°
b. 40°
c. 50°
d. 60°

Key Concept

The Six Trigonometric Ratios

There are six functions that are the core of trigonometry.
There are three primary ones that you need to understand completely:
• Sine (sin)
• Cosine (cos)
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 GRACE MISSION COLLEGE
Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro
E-Mail: grace.missioncollege@yahoo.com

• Tangent (tan)

The other three are not used as often and can be derived from the three primary functions. Because they
can easily be derived, calculators and spreadsheets do not usually have them.
• Secant (sec)
• Cosecant (csc)
• Cotangent (cot)

All six functions have three-letter abbreviations (shown in parentheses above).

Consider the right triangle above.

• a is the length of the side adjacent to theta (𝜃) or angle B.
• b is the length of the side opposite theta (𝜃) or angle B.
• c is the length of the hypotenuse.
• 𝜃 represents the measure of angle B in either degrees or radians.

For each angles, B or A, there are six functions. Each function is the ratio of two sides of the triangle. The
only difference between the six functions is which pair of sides we use.
We will use the convention that angles are symbolized by capital letters, while the side opposite each
angle will carry the same letter symbol, in lower case.
e.g. the side opposite ∠A is a
The primary functions:

In the following table, note how each function is the reciprocal of one of the basic functions sin, cos, tan.

SOH-CAH-TOA → is a mnemonic used for remembering the equations.

→ these 9 letters are a memory aid to remember the ratios for the three primary functions -
sin, cos and tan.
→ pronounced a bit like "soka towa".
→ their ratios are constant because the functions are a ratio of two side lengths so they always
produce the same result for a given angle, regardless of the size of the triangle.
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Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro
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Illustrating The Six Trigonometric Ratios

A. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the hypotenuse and the measure of one acute angle.
Example. Using figure 1, solve for s, p and ∠S.

Solve for s in figure1 above. b. Solve for p in the figure 1 above.

Solutions: Solutions:
∠P is an acute angle, t is the hypotenuse, s is the ∠P is an acute angle, t is the hypotenuse, p is the adjacent
adjacent side to ∠P. side of ∠P.
Use CAH, that is Use SOH, that is
Cos 𝜃 = adjacent/ hypotenuse Sine 𝜃 = opposite/ hypotenuse
Cos P = s/ t Sine P = p/ t
Cos 53° = s/12 Sine 53° = p/ 12
s = 12 cos 53° p = 12 sine 53°
s = 7.221780278 p = 9.583626121

c. Since m∠P + m∠T + m∠S = 180° ( angle sum in a triangle)

53° + 90° + m∠S = 180°
m∠S = 180° - 143°
m∠S = 37°
B. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of one of the legs and the Measure of One Acute Angle
Example: Solve for a and c in figure 2.
a.) Solve for a and c in figure 2.
Solutions:
∠𝐁 is an acute angle, b is the opposite side, and a is the side adjacent to ∠B.
Use TOA, that is
tan θ = oppositeadjacent = b a
tan B = 10.6 a
tan 67° = 10.6 a
a tan 67° = 10.6
a = 10.6tan67°
a = 4.499433052

b.) Solve for c in figure 2.

Solutions:
∠𝐁 is an acute angle, b is the opposite side and c is the hypotenuse of the given acute angle. Use SOH, that
is
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 GRACE MISSION COLLEGE
Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro
E-Mail: grace.missioncollege@yahoo.com

C. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Hypotenuse and a leg.
Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C. If c = 23 and b = 17, find ∠A, ∠B and a. Express your answers up to
two decimal places.
Solutions:
a. Sketch a figure
b. Side b is the adjacent side of ∠A; c is the hypotenuse of right triangle BCA.

Use CAH, that is

cos 𝜃 = adjacent / hypotenuse
cos A = b/c
cos A = 17/23
cos A = 0.7391

We can use our scientific calculator to find an angle whose cosine value is 0.7391. Using a scientific
calculator, A = 42.340°
c. Since in part (a), it was already found that 𝑚∠A = 42.34°,
then 𝑚∠B = 90°- 𝑚∠A
𝑚∠B = 90°- 42.34°
𝑚∠B = 47.66°
d. Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑎2+ 𝑏2= 𝑐2
𝑎2+ (17)2= (23)2
𝑎2+ 289= 529
𝑎2=529−289
𝑎2=240
√𝑎2=√240
a = 15.49

D. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Two Legs

Example:
Triangle ACB is right-angled at C. If a = 18.5 cm and b = 14.2 cm, find c, ∠𝐴,and ∠𝐵.
Solutions:

a. To find c, use Pythagorean Theorem:

𝑐2= 𝑎2+𝑏2
𝑐2= (18.5)2+(14.2)2
𝑐2=342.25+201.6
𝑐2=543.89
c = √543.89
c = 23.32

b. To find ∠𝐴, since a and b are opposite and adjacent c. Based on the fact that ∠A and ∠B are
side of ∠A respectively, then use TOA. complementary, the measure of angle ∠B is
tan 𝜃 = opposite/ adjacent 90°−52°=38°
tan A = a/ b
tan 63°= 18.514.2
tan A = 1.3028 4

We can use our scientific calculator an angle

whose tangent is 1.3028. A = 52°
 GRACE MISSION COLLEGE
Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro
E-Mail: grace.missioncollege@yahoo.com

Using the Calculator to Find Trigonometric Ratios

The values of the trigonometric ratios for any particular angle are constant, regardless of the length of the
sides. These values can also be found using a calculator. Also, you can use a calculator to find an angle
when you are given a trigonometric ratio.

a. Finding a ratio given the angle

Example: To find the value of 38⁰, ensure that your calculator is operating in degrees
Solution:

The calculator should give sin 38⁰ = 0.616, correct three decimal places.

b. Finding an angle given the ratio

In finding the size of the angle to the nearest minute, given the value of the trigonometric ratio, just follow
the steps in the examples below.
Example: sin 𝜃 = 0.725, find 𝜃 to the nearest minute
Solution:

To convert this to degrees/minutes/seconds mode

The calculator gives you 46° 28’(nearest minute)

c. Degrees and minutes

So far, all angles have been in whole degrees. However, one degree can be divided equally into 60
minutes. Furthermore, one minute can be divided equally into 60 seconds. Angle measurement can also be
expressed in degree/ minute form. We can use a calculator to convert a degree measure from decimal form
to degree, minute and second form.
Example: Write 54.46⁰ in degree and minutes, giving an answer correct to the nearest minute.
Solution:

Press 54.46°
The calculator gives 54⁰ 27’36”, or 54⁰ 28’ (nearest minute)

Activity 1: My Learnings …

Fill –in the chart below. Write your answers on your activity sheet.
3 Things I learned

2 Things that interest me

1 application of what I’ve learned

Activity 2: Use , List , Explain

Directions: Do the following:

1. List the trigonometric ratio or ratios of B that involve the measure of the hypotenuse.
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Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro
E-Mail: grace.missioncollege@yahoo.com

2. Explain how to determine which trigonometric ratio to use when solving

for an unknown part of a right triangle.

( Note: Your output will be rated by your teacher. He/she may use the scale of 1-10 wherein 10 is perfectly done
and 1 is the least or he/she may have his/her own way of rating your output. )

Activity 3: Trigonome- Tree

Directions:
1. Look for a tree in your community then find its height using a trigonometric ratio.
2. In short bond paper, draw an illustration.
3. Show your solutions in finding the height of the tree using the trigonometric ratios.
4. Write your feedback about this activity.
(Note: The teacher may use his/her own the scaling method in rating this activity.)
Suggested Rubrics:
A. Illustration:
Precision – 5
Neatness - 5
B. Solution:
Accuracy – 10
C. Feedback:
Coherence - 5
Total…………… 25

Post Assessment:
Using the figure below, find the remaining unknown parts of the given right triangle ABC.

1. If A = 15⁰ and c = 37, find a.

2. If A = 76⁰ and a = 13, find b.
3. If A = 49⁰ and a = 10, find c.
4. If a= 13 and B = 16⁰, find c.
5. If a= 7 and b = 12, find A