TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry is a branch of
mathematics that deals with the
measures of the sides and the
angles of a triangle. The word
“trigonometry” is derived from
the Greek words “trigon”
(triangle) and “metron”
(measurement). It is based upon
ratios of the sides of right
triangles.
 The Six Trigonometric
Ratios:
Sine, Cosine,
Tangent,
Cosecant,Secant,Cotangent
 Right Triangle Trigonometry

The six trigonometric functions of a right triangle,

with an acute angle , are defined by ratios of two sides
of the triangle.
hyp opp
θ
The sides of the right triangle are: adj

 the side opposite the acute angle ,

 the side adjacent to the acute angle ,

 and the hypotenuse of the right triangle.

 Right Triangle Trigonometry

The hypotenuse is the longest side and is always

opposite the right angle.
The opposite and adjacent sides refer to another angle,
other than the 90o.

A
 Angles of right ABC will be named by
its vertex (angles A, B, and C) with C as the
right angle. Likewise, sides of right triangle
ABC will be denoted by the lowercase
letters a, b, and c.
B
c
a
C b A
If we choose A, the following If we choose B, the following
sides are related to A as sides are related to B as
follows; follows;
a = opposite leg to A b = opposite leg to A
b = adjacent leg to A a = adjacent leg to A
c = hypotenuse c = hypotenuse
   
 Trigonometric Ratios

hyp
opp
θ
The trigonometric functions are: adj
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.
opp
sin  = cos  = adj tan  = opp
hyp hyp adj
hyp hyp
csc  = sec  = cot  = adj
opp adj opp
S OH C AH T OA
- is a mnemonic used for
remembering the equations.
 Finding an angle from a triangle

To find a missing angle from a right-angled triangle we

need to know two of the sides of the triangle.

We can then choose the appropriate ratio, sin, cos or tan

and use the calculator to identify the angle from the
decimal value of the ratio.

1.
a) Identify/label the names of
14 cm the sides.

B b) Choose the ratio that

6 cm contains BOTH of the
letters.
1.
h
We have been given the
14 cm adjacent and hypotenuse so
we use COSINE:
A adjacent
6 cm Cos A = hypotenuse
a

Cos A = a
h

Cos A = 6
14
2.
Given adj and opp
B need to use tan:
3 cm a
opposite
Tan A = adjacent
o 8 cm

Tan B = o
a
Tan B = 8
3
Try this!
Finding the Trigonometric Ratios in a Right Triangle
• Given ABC with C = 900.
Find the six trigonometric ratios of B,
given that a = 6, b = 8, c = 10.
B
c
a
C b A

sin B  cos B  tan B 

csc B  sec B  cot B 

Thanks for your
cooperation!
45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem

• In a 45°-45°-90°
triangle, the 45°
x√2
hypotenuse is √2
times as long as each x
leg.
45°
x
Hypotenuse = √2 * leg
30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem

• In a 30°-60°-90°
triangle, the
hypotenuse is twice as 60°
2x
long as the shorter
x
leg, and the longer leg
is √3 times as long as
30°
the shorter leg. x√3
Hypotenuse = 2 ∙ shorter leg
Longer leg = √3 ∙ shorter leg
Ex. 1: Finding the hypotenuse in a 45°-45°-
90° Triangle

• Find the value of x

• By the Triangle Sum
Theorem, the measure of
the third angle is 45°. 3 3
The triangle is a 45°-45°-
90° right triangle, so the 45°
length x of the x
hypotenuse is √2 times
the length of a leg.
Ex. 1: Finding the hypotenuse in a 45°-45°-
90° Triangle

3 3

45°
x
Hypotenuse = √2 ∙ leg 45°-45°-90° Triangle
Theorem
x = √2 ∙ 3 Substitute values
x = 3√2 Simplify
Ex. 3: Finding side lengths in a 30°-60°-90°
Triangle

• Find the values of s

and t. 60°
• Because the triangle t
s
is a 30°-60°-90°
triangle, the 30°
5
longer leg is √3
times the length s
of the shorter leg.
Ex. 3: Side lengths in a 30°-60°-90° Triangle
60°
t s

30°
5

Statement: Reasons:
Longer leg = √3 ∙ shorter leg 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem
5 = √3 ∙ s Substitute values
5 √3s
= Divide each side by √3
√3 √3
5 s
= Simplify
√3
√3 5 Multiply numerator and
= s denominator by √3
√3 √3
5√3 Simplify
= s
3
Try this!
Finding the Trigonometric Ratios in a Right Triangle
• Given ABC with C = 900.
Find the six trigonometric ratios of B,
given that a = 6, b = 8, c = 10.
B
c
a
C b A

b 8 4 a 6 3 b 8 4
sin B    cos B    tan B   
c 10 5 c 10 5 a 6 3

c 10 5 c 10 5 a 6 3
csc B    sec B    cot B   
b 8 4 a 6 3 b 8 4
The length t of the hypotenuse is twice the length s of the shorter leg.

60°
t s

30°
5

Statement: Reasons:
Hypotenuse = 2 ∙ shorter leg 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem

t = 2 ∙ 5√3 Substitute values

3

t = 10√3 Simplify
3