How to Reference Sources

A BASIC GUIDE
 Contents

Each of these links will take you directly to the required page.
 Introduction to bibliographies
 Books
 One author
 Two or three authors
 More than three authors
 Anthology or compilation (the whole work)
 Corporate author
 A work in an anthology
 Article in a reference book
 Anonymous book (no author)
 Introduction, preface, foreword, afterword
 Edition (e.g. selected version of Hamlet, with expl. notes etc.)
 Translation
 Book in Another Language
 Dissertation (published and unpublished)
 Contents

Each of these links will take you directly to the required page.
 Periodicals
 Article in a newspaper
 Article in a magazine
 Article in a scholarly journal
 Volumes & Pagination
 Where to find volume & issue information
 Review
 Letter to editor
 Misc print and non print
 TV/Radio program
 Sound recording
 Film or Video
 Performance (Live)
 Musical composition
 Painting, sculpture, photograph
 Interview
 Contents

Each of these links will take you directly to the required page.
 Misc print and non print (cont.)
 Map or Chart
 Cartoon, Comic Strip
 Advertisement
 Lecture, Speech, Address
 Electronic Sources
 Entire Internet site
 Part of an Internet site
 Home page for course
 Online book
 Online periodical
 CD-ROM
 * Work from Library Subscription Database! (like EBSCO)
 Other (TV, Radio, Sound recording or clip, film or film clip,
painting, sculpture or photograph, interview, map, cartoon or comic strip,
advertisement, email, online posting)
 Introduction to Bibliographies
General Rules:
 Title of page should be Bibliography or References, and it should
be centered on the page.
 Each reference should be single spaced.

 Leave a space between each reference.

 References should be arranged in alphabetical order.

 All references for one project should be put together, not

separated by type. (i.e. don’t put all books together, all websites
together)
 Use the hanging indent option to format the entries (In MS
Word
this is found under format or page layout - paragraphs –
indenting – special – hanging.)
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 Referencing a Book

To reference a book, you need the following information:

Author’s name
Title of Book
City published (And state if in US)
Publication company
Date published

See next slide for examples…

See here for an online book (ebook).
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 Book - This is what the reference will look like:

Lastname, Firstname. Title. Place of publication: Publishing Company, Date

published.

Examples:

Horowitz, Anthony. Ark Angel. New York: Philomel Books, 2006.

Howarth, Gordon. Ed. Pure Mathematics. Oxfordshire: Philip Allan, 1998

Snellgrove, L.E.. The Modern World Since 1870. London: Longman, 1968.

Webster, Christine. Water Power. New York: Weigl Publishers Inc, 2006.

The names are usually of the author, but if there is no author, you might include the editor,
as in the book by Howarth. (The abbreviation Ed. Means editor)

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 Other Examples

 More than one author:

Chandler, Gary, and Kevin Graham. Alternative Energy Sources. New York:
Twenty-First Century Books, 1996.
Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London:
Cassell, 1997.
 More than three authors:

Spinnaker, James, et.al. The Psychology of the Game. London: Cassel, 1995.
 No author (anonymous):

Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993

The Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1884.

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 Anthology or Compilation

If you are citing a poem, essay, short story or other work which appears as
part of an anthology of works, you will need to add the following
information to the basic book citation:
Author of piece. “Title of Piece.” (Translator, if necessary). Title of the Work.
Editor/Compiler’s name. Place of Publication: Publishing Company, Date
of publication. Pages where you can find the work.
Allende, Isabel. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock
beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie.
New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88.
“A Witchcraft Story.” The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing Culture. Comp.
Mando Sevanillo. Flagstaff: Northland, 1986. 33-42.
To cite the whole work, the last entry would look like this:
Sevanillo, Mando, comp. and ed. The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing
Culture. Flagstaff: Northland, 1986.
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 Corporate Author

Sometimes a book is written by an association, a committee,

an organization or a commission. Even if they are also the
publisher, cite the organization as the author:
United Nations and International A.E. Agency. The United Nations and
Nuclear Non-Proliferation. New York: United Nations, 1995.
Amercian Medical Association. The American Medical Association
Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Clayman. New York: Random,
1989.
National Research Council. The Health Care Crisis: Containing Costs,
Expanding Coverage. New York: McGraw, 1992.

*Note: You should leave out the initial article (A, An, The) if there is one.

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 Article in a Reference Book

An article from an encyclopedia or a dictionary should be treated like a work

in a compilation. If there is an author, include his or her name. If not, start
the entry off with the title. You don’t need to include full publication
information for well-known reference books.
Cates, Ward Mitchell. “Computer Graphics.” The World Book Encyclopedia.
2004.
Downes, Dorothy. “Egyptian Art.” The Encyclopedia of Visual Art. Ed. Sir
Lawrence Gowing. 1 vol. London: Encyclopedia Britannica International,
1994. *
Lewthwaite, Gordon R. “New Zealand.” Compton’s by Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2005.
“Monosaccharide.” The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1996.
*Note: This one is more detailed since it’s a less well-known source.
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 Introduction, Foreword, Preface, Afterword

You can quote or use information which appears in any

of the above. You should include the author of the
article first, what type of article it is (Introduction,
Foreword, etc.), then the title and the author of the
main work.

Drabble, Margaret. Introduction. Middlemarch. By George

Eliot. New York: Bantam, 1985. vii-xvii.
Marsalis, Wynton. Foreword. Beyond Category: The Life and
Genius of Duke Ellington. By John Edward Hasse
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 An Edition

In this case, an edition is a work prepared for publication

by someone other than the author – an editor. The
original work will have been published earlier, but is
republished, sometimes with changes in spelling or
punctuation, or with added notes or an introduction.
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Ed. Claudia Johnson.
New York: Norton, 2001.
Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. Ed. Harold Bloom.
Broomhall, PA: Chelsea House Publishing, 1996.
Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Ed. Roma Gill. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1996.
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 A Translation

For a work originally published in another language than

English, you should give the author’s name first, the title,
then the name of the translator, preceded by “Trans.”:

Lastname, First. Title. Trans. First Lastname. Place of

Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Funke, Cornelia. The Thief Lord. Trans. Oliver Latsch. New

York: Scholastic, 2002.
Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Luigi Ricci. New
York: New American Library, 1952.
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 Book in Another Language

To cite a work written in another language, you treat it as any other

book. If you think it’s helpful, you can include the translation for a
title or a city name in brackets (parentheses). *
Napp, Daniel. Pellepau. Stuttgart: Thienemann, 2004.
Plaza, Jose Maria. El Gran Doctor (The Great Doctor). Madrid: Anaya,
2003.
Robillard, Anne. Les Chevaliers D’Emeraude: Les Dragons de
L’Empereur Noir. Boucherville, Quebec: Les Editions de Mortagne,
2003.
* Note: You may need to look at the back of the book to find the
publication information.

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 Dissertation

A dissertation in an essay and is usually written as part of the completion of a

degree or a diploma. You should put the word Diss. after the title. The title
for an unpublished work should be in quotation marks, and that of a
published work should be underlined.

 Published
Fullerton, Matilda. Women’s Leadership in the Public Schools: Towards a
Feminist Educational Leadership Model. Diss. Washington State U, 2001.
Ann Arbor: UMI, 2001.

 Unpublished
Narula, Karan. “The Influence of Land Use on the Quality of Water at Chao
Phraya River”. Ext. Essay. New International School of Thailand, 2004.

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 Periodicals

According to the MLA Handbook, “a periodical is a publication that appears at

regularly fixed intervals, such as a newspaper, a magazine or a scholarly journal”
(Gibaldi 180). Newspapers usually appear daily or weekly, magazines weekly or
monthly, and scholarly journals about once every four months. Since they are
published at fixed intervals, they will usually have some form of numbering, to
make retrieving an article from the archive easier.
Here is how to cite a periodical:
Author’s name. “Title of article.” Title of Periodical Other publication information.
Examples:
O’Meara, Stephen James. “The Everglades: Paradise Lost.” Odyssey March 2007: 6-9.
Trumpener, Katie. “Memories Carved in Granite: Great War Memorials and Everyday
Life.” PMLA 115 (2000): 1096-103.
For more information about volumes & pagination, go to the next slide.
For information on periodicals online go here.
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 Article in a Newspaper

For a newspaper article, as well as the author and title of the article, you will need to include:
 The title of the newspaper (omit The or other articles)
 If the name of the city is not in the title, include it in square brackets after the title. (Eg. “Star-Ledger [Newark].”)

 The complete date (day, month, year)

 All months abbreviated except May, June, July

 The edition, if included (e.g. late ed., natl ed.)

 This is important since different editions will include different articles.

 Page and section number(s)

Examples:
Coyle, Jake. “From Madea to Mainstream?” Bangkok Post. 22 Mar. 2007: O7.

“Northern Smog Crisis Eases as Downpours Clear the Air.” Nation [Bangkok]. 22 Mar. 2007: 2A.

*Note: If an article continues on another page later in the paper, include a plus sign after the first page (2A+).

Newspapers online
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 Article in a Magazine

For a magazine article, as well as the author and title of the article, you will need
to include:
 The title of the magazine

 The complete date (day, month, year)

 All months abbreviated except May, June, July
 If the magazine is published monthly, include the month and year only.
 Page number(s)

Examples:
O’Meara, Stephen James. “The Everglades: Paradise Lost.” Odyssey Mar. 2007: 6-
9.
Siber, Kate. “Into the Lands of Ancients, Outlaws and Adventurers.” National
Geographic Adventure. Mar. 2007: 66-74.
Magazines online
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 Article in a Scholarly Journal

A scholarly journal is not written for the general public, but for professionals and students.
They include original research, criticisms, and original interpretations of data and texts
(Gibaldi 180). For most research in university you will be required to use scholarly
journals as your primary source of information, so it’s worth getting acquainted with this
source and with how to reference it.
For this type of article, you will need to include:
 Author’s name

 Title of article

 Title of Journal

 Volume number

 Issue number

 Date of publication

 Page numbers

For more information on pagination (the way publishers print page numbers in these articles) see the next slide.
For examples, see the following slide.

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 Volumes & Pagination

Scholarly journals are published in volumes, which usually represent all

publications in one year, and issues (one for each publication in that
year).

Some journals will number the pages continuously through all issues of a
volume series. For example, the first issue of volume 36 might end with
page 83, and then volume 36 issue 2 will start with the page number
84.
 In this case, you only need to include the volume and the page number,
since the page number will let the reader know which issue the article
was found in.

Other journals will page each issue separately, so that each issue starts with
page 1.
 In this case, include the volume, the page number and the issue number,
since there may be 3 or 4 issues in one volume, all with a page 35.

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 Where to Find Volume & Issue Information

You will find the volume and issue information for a journal or magazine on the
contents page, as seen below:

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 Scholarly Journals - Examples

Hanks, Patrick. “Do Word Meanings Exist?” Computers and

the Humanities 34 (2000): 205-15.
Mann, Susan. “Myths of Asian Womanhood.” Journal of
Asian Studies 59 (2000): 835-62.
McKenna, Bernard. “How Engineers Write: An Empirical
Study of Engineering Report Writing.” Applied
Linguistics 18 (1997): 189-211.
White, Sabina, and Andrew Winzelberg. “Laughter and
Stress.” Humor 5 (1992): 343-55.

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 A Review

A review is a piece written about another publication, such as a book or a movie,

and is published in a separate publication as well. So what information do you
need to include?
 Reviewer’s name (none? Then start with title)
 Title of review (none? Then skip and go to Rev.of)
 The words Rev. of
 Title of the work reviewed
 By and the name of the author of the work reviewed (or editor - ed., director - dir., translator -
trans., etc)
 Information about where the review was published

Examples:
Vicarel, Jo Ann. “Neon Dragon.” Rev of Neon Dragon, by John F Dobbyn. Library Journal. 132.4
(2007): 56-57.
Rithdee, Kong. “Quick Takes.” Rev of Bridge to Terabithia, dir. Gabor Scupo. Bangkok Post. 22
Mar. 2007: O6.

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 Letter to the Editor

For a letter to the editor, which usually appears in

newspapers and magazines, you will need to include
the word Letter after the author’s name:

Example:

Harvey, Tim. Letter. National Geographic Adventure. Mar.

2007: 19.
Jerauld, David V. Letter. “Scammed at the Airport.” Bangkok
Post. 22 Mar. 2007: 1-13.
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 TV or Radio Program

When writing a reference for a TV or radio program, you need to include the following
information in this order:
1. Title of episode or segment, if appropriate (“ ---”)
2. Title of Program (___)
3. Title of series, if any
4. Name of network
5. Call letters and city of the local station, if any
6. Broadcast date

Examples:

“Frankenstein: The Making of a Monster.” Great Books. Narr. Donald Sutherland. Writ. Eugenie Vink. Dir.
Jonathan Ward*. Learning Channel. 8 Sept. 1993.
“Frederick Douglass.” Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts & Entertainment Network. 6
Apr. 1993.
“Yes…but is it Art?” Narr. Morley Safer. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York. 7 Mar. 1996.

*Any contributors of note, including writers, narrators, directors etc., can be added here.

For TV or Radio program viewed online see here.

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 Sound Recording

When writing a reference for a sound recording, you need to include the following
information in this order:

1. Person’s name (depending on emphasis – conductor, narrator, writer etc.)

2. Title of recording
3. Artist(s)
4. Manufacturor
5. Year of issue (if unknown, write n.d.)
6. If you’re not using a CD, indicate the medium (e.g. Audiocassette)

*Underline title of recording, but not if the name is identified by form, number
and key – e.g. Symphony no. 1 in C)
**If citing a specific song, use quotation marks for the title of the song.
***You can also include the date of recording, as well as the year of issue.

See next page for examples:

For sound recording heard online see here.
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 Sound Recording – cont.

Examples:

Ellington, Duke, cond. First Carnegie Hall Concert. Duke Ellington Orch. Rec. 23 Jan.
1943. LP. Prestige, 1997
Gabriel, Peter. “A Different Drum.” Perf. Gabriel, Shankar, and Youssou N’Dour.
Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ, a Film by Martin Scorsese. Rec.
1989. Greffen, 2002.
Holiday, Billie. The Essence of Billie Holiday. Columbia, 1991.
Norrington, Roger, cond. Symphony no. 1 in C, op. 21, and Symphony no 6 in F, op. 68.
By Ludwig van Beethoven. London Classical Players. EMI, 1988.
Sting, narr. Peter and the Wolf, op. 67. By Sergei Prokofiev. Chamber Orch. Of Europe.
cond. Claudio Abbado. Deutsche Grammophon, 1990.
Welles, Orson, dir. The War of the Worlds. By H. G. Wells. Adapt. Howard Koch.
Mercury Theater on the Air. Rec. 30 Oct. 1938. LP. Evolution, 1969.

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 Film or Video Performance

When writing a reference for a film or video, you need to include the following
information in this order:

1. Title (___)
2. Director
3. Distributor
4. Year of release

*You can also include other information if you feel it’s important, such as names of the
writers, performers or producers, between the title and the distributor.
*If you want to cite someone in particular, you can include their name before the title.
*If citing a video, DVD, etc. include the original release date and the medium before
the name of the distributor.

See next page for examples:

For film or video viewed online see here.

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 Film or Video Performance – cont.

Examples:

Chaplin, Charles. Dir. Modern Times. Perf. Chaplin and Pauletter Goddard. Untied Artists,
1936.
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore,
and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946.
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore,
and Thomas Mitchell. 1946. DVD. Republic, 2001.
Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, adapt. A Room with a View. By E. M. Forester. Dir. James Ivory.
Prod. Ismail Merchant. Perf. Maggie Smith, Denholm Eliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and
Daniel Day-Lewis. Cinecom Intl. Films, 1985.
Mifune, Toshiro, perf. Rashomon. Dir. Akira Kurosawa. Daiei, 1950.
Nureyev, Rudolf, chor. Swan Lake. By Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky. Perf. Margot Fonteyn and
Nureyev. Vienna State Opera Ballet. Vienna Symphony Orch. Cond. John Lanchbery.
1966. DVD. Philips, 1997.

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 Performance (Live)

For a live performance such as a play, opera, ballet or concert, include the title, the same kind
of information as for a film, and finish with the site of the performance.

Examples:

Hamlet. By William Shakespeare. Dir. John Gielgud. Perf. Richard Burton. Shubert Theater,
Boston. 4 Mar. 1964.
Domingo, Plácido, tenor. Sly. By Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari. With Cynthia Lawrence and Juan Pons.
Metropolitan Poera. Cond, Marco Armiliato. Metropolitan Opera House, New York. 4 May
2002.
Joplin, Scott. Treemonisha. Dir. Frank Corsaro. Perf. Carmen Balthrop, Betty Allen, and Curtis
Rayam. Houston Grand Opera Orch. And Chorus. Cond. Gunther Schuller. Miller Theater,
Houston. 18 May 1975.
Medea. By Euripides. Trans. Alastair Elliot. Dir. Jonathan Kent. Perf. Diana Rigg. Longacre
Theater, New York. 7 Apr. 1994.

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 Musical Composition

When writing a reference for a musical composition (ballet, opera, instrumental

music), include the composer’s name, followed by the title of the piece (__).
You do not need to underline a piece if it is identified by the form, number and
key (see 1st entry for Beethoven), unless it’s a published score in which case you
treat it like a book (see 1st entry for Beethoven).

Examples:

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 7 in A, op. 92.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 7 in A, Op. 92. New York: Dover, 1998.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 7 in A, Op. 92. 1812. New York: Dover, 1998.
Berlioz, Hector. Symphonie fantastique, op. 14.

*You can include the date, after the title, if you wish (see 3 rd entry for Beethoven).

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 Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph

When writing a reference for a painting, sculpture or photograph you need to include the following
information in this order:

1. Name of artist
2. Title of work (__)
3. Name of institution which houses the work (or the individual who owns it, if it’s privately owned)
4. City where it can be found

*If you’re using a photograph of the scultpure or painting, then you must also include the publication
information in which the photograph appears.
*You can include the date the work was created after the title, if you wish.

Bernini, Gianlorenzo. Ecstasy of St. Teresa. Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.
Cassatt, Mary. Mother and Child.1890 Wichata Art Museum. American Painting: 1560-1913. By John Pearce. New
York: McGraw, 1964. Slide 22.
El Greco. Burial of Count Orgaz. San Tomé, Toledo. Renaissance Perspectives in Literature and the Visual
Arts. By Murray Roston. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1987. 274.
Saint Pauls’ Cathedral, London. Personal photograph by author. 7 Mar. 2003.
For painting, sculpture or photograph viewed online see here.
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 Interview

When citing interviews they can be divided into three types:

 Published or recorded interviews
 Interviews broadcast on TV or radio
 Interviews conducted by the author or researcher.

Always begin a citation with the name of the person being interviewed.

Examples:

Breslin, Jimmy. Interview with Neal Conan. Talk of the Nation. Natl. Public Radio. WBUR, Boston.
26 Mar. 2002.
Gordimer, Nadine. Interview. New York Times 10 Oct. 1991, late ed.: C25.
Pei, I. M. Personal interview. 22 July 1993.
Poussaint, Alvin F. Telephone interview. 10 Dec. 1998.
Rowling, J.K. Email interview. 8-12 May 2002.
Wolfe, Tom. Interview. The Wrong Stuff: American Architecture. Dir. Tom Bettag. Videocassette.
Carousel, 1983.
For interview viewed online, see here. Return to contents page
 Map or Chart

Treat a map or chart as an anonymous book, unless it’s

in a book, in which case you cite the book (see Book)

Examples:
Japanese Fundamentals. Chart. Hauppauge, 1992.
Michigan. Map. Chicago: Rand, 2000.
Nancy Chandler’s Map of Bangkok. Map. Bangkok: Nancy
Chandler Graphics, 2005.
For maps online see here.
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 Cartoon or Comic Strip

When writing a reference for a cartoon or comic strip, write the

artist’s name, the title of the comic (if any) in quotation
marks, and the descriptive label Cartoon or Comic strip. This
is followed by the normal publication information.

Examples:
Chast, Roz. Cartoon. New Yorker. 4 Feb. 2002: 53.

Trudeau, Garry. “Doonesbury.” Comic strip. Star-Ledger

[Newark] 4 May 2002: 26.

For cartoons & comic strips online see here.

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 Advertisement

When referencing an advertisement, state the subject of the

advertisement (product, company, etc.) followed by the
descriptive label Advertisment. Follow with the
publication information.

Examples:
Air Canada. Advertisement. CNN. 15 May 1998.
The Fitness Fragrance by Ralph Lauren. Advertisement.
GQ Apr. 1997: 111-12.

For advertisements online see here.

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 Lecture, Speech, Address or Reading

When writing a reference for an oral presentation, give the speaker’s name,
the title of the presentation (if any, “---”), the meeting or sponsoring
organization (if applicable), the location and the date. If there is no title, use
the descriptive label as appropriate (Address, Lecture, Keynote speech,
Reading).

Examples:
Atwood, Margaret. “Silencing the Scream.” Boundaries of the Imagination
Forum. MLA Convention. Roayl York Hotel, Toronto. 29 Dec. 1993.

Hyman, Earle. Reading of Shakespeare’s Othello. Symphony Space, New York.

28 Mar. 1994.

Terkel, Studs. Address. Conf. on Coll. Composition and Communication

Convention. Palmer House, Chicago. 22 Mar. 1990.

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 Electronic Sources

Many documents we have access to today are through the internet. The basic
format for any document retrieved on the internet is as follows:

1. Author’s name (if none is stated, begin with title)

2. Title of document (“---”)
3. Information about the print publication (if it was previously published in
print)
4. Information about electronic publication
a) Title of site (__)
b) Date of publication or latest update (because it may have changed from the time when it
was originally printed)
c) Name of any sponsoring institution or organization (found on homepage)
5. Access information
a) Date of access
b) URL (<--->) or Persistent Link (databases)

*Note: do not cut the URL at the end of the line. Your word processor will do it
for you if you’ve chosen a hanging indent!
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 Entire Internet Site

When referencing an entire internet site, use the following format:

1. Title of Site (__)
2. Name of editor (webmaster) if given
3. Electronic publication information (see previous page for details)
4. Date of access and URL.

Examples:

CNN.com. 2002. Cable News Network. 15 May 2002 <http://www.cnn.com/>

Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2002. Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 May 2002
<http://britannica.com/>
Jane Austen Information Page. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 6 Sept. 2000. 15 June 2002
<http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janeinfo.html>

*Note: do not cut the URL at the end of the line. Your word processor will do it for you
if you’ve chosen a hanging indent!
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 Part of an Internet Site

Often, you are citing a page within a much larger website. In this case,
you will need to include the name of the web page as well as the
name of the web site. Here is how it would look:

“Notes and Illustrations on Regency Clothing Styles.” Jane Austen

Information Page. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 6 Sept. 2000. 15 June
2002 <http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/ppbrokil.html>.

 Notice that the URL has changed to the specific page.

 To find the title of a page, go to either the top of the page, or to the
very top (often blue) border of your Explorer window.
 For the title of the main site, you will need to truncate (cut) the site
back to its original parts (so, delete everything which comes after
the “.com”, “.org”, “.edu” etc.)

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 Home Page for a Course

When citing a home page for a course, begin with the teacher’s name, followed
by the title of the course, the description, the dates of the course, the name
of the department and the school, the date of access and the URL.

Examples:

Cuddy-Keane, Melba. Professing Literature. Course home page. Sept. 2000-

Apr. 2001. Dept. of English, U of Toronto. 4 Oct. 2002
<http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~mcuddy/ENG9900H/Index.htm>.

Rothkopf, Stephen. Flags and Symbols. Course home page. Aug 2006-June
2007. Humanities Dept, NIST. 21 May 2007
<http://portal2.nist.ac.th/secschool/humanities/y08humanities/Class
%20Wiki/Flags%20and%20Symbols.aspx>.

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 Online Book

When referencing an online book, begin as you would the original book in print, then
follow with the electronic publishing information. If citing only a part of the book,
include the title of the part or chapter in quotation marks.

Examples:

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 1996. Jane Austen
Information Page. 6 Sept. 2002
<http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/pridprej.html>.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “Self-Reliance.” Essays: First Series. 1841. 12 Feb 1997
<ftp://ftp.books.com/ebooks/NonFiction/Philosophy/Emerson/history.txt>.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. George Parsons Lathrop. Boston: Houghton,

1883. 16 May 2002 <http://209.111.144.65/eldritchpress/nh/ttt.html>.

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 Online Periodical

When writing a reference for a periodical (publication which comes out

regularly, such as a magazine, newspaper or journal), include the following
information:

1. Author’s name
2. Title of work (“---”)
3. Title of Periodical (__)
4. Volume number, issue or other identifying number.
5. Date of publication
6. The number range or total number of pages, paragraphs or other sections, if
they are numbered
7. Date of access and URL

See the following page for examples. *Note – if you found the periodical in a
subscription database, the format is different. See this link for how to cite
an online periodical from a subscription database.

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 Online Periodical - Examples

Examples:

Achenbach, Joel. “America’s River.” Washington Post 5 May 2002. 20 May

2002 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13425

Dane, Gabrielle. “Reading Ophelia’s Madness.” Exemplaria. 10.2 (1998). 22

June 2002
<http://web.english.ufl.edu/english/exemplaria/danefram.htm>.

Levy, Stephen. “Great Minds, Great Ideas.” Newsweek 27 May 2002. 20 May
2002 <http://www.msnbc.com/news/754336.asp>.

Schmidt, Christine. Letter. New York Times on the Web 20 May 2002. 20 May
2002 <http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/20/opinion/L20KIDS.html>.

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 CD-ROM

Examples:

“Albatross.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed.

CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.
Braunmuller, A. R., ed Macbeth. By William
Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 1994.
Encyclopedia of Islam. CD-ROM. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
“Ellison, Ralph.” DiscLit: American Authors. Diskette.
Boston: Hall, 1991.
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 Work from a Library Subscription Database

When writing a reference for a work found in a subscription

database, you will need to add the following information to
your entry.

1. Name of the database (__)

2. Name of service (like EBSCO)
3. Name of library
4. Access date
5. Persistent link to record (rather than the long URL)

For examples of where to find this information see the next

slide.
For examples of how to cite sources from a database see here.
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Subscription Databases

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 Subscription Databases - Examples

Examples:

“Cooling Trend in Antarctica.” Futurist May-June 2002: 15. Academic

Search Premier. EBSCO. City U of New York, Graduate Center Lib. 22
May 2002 <http://www.epnet.com/>.

“The Devil We Know.” Time 3 May 2007: 43. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO.
NIST Library, Bangkok. 15 May 2007
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mih&AN=24163025&site=ehost=-live>.

Koretz, Gene. “Economic Trends: Uh-Oh, Warm Water.” Business Week

21 July 1997:22. Electrib Lib. Sam Barlow High School Lib., Gresham,
OR. 17 Oct. 1997 <http://www.ebrary.com/>.
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How to find publication information on a subscription database.
 Other Electronic Sources - Examples

In general, citations for other electronic sources are similar to those in print, except that you add
the electronic publication information. Refer to the print explanations if you don’t understand
what’s included in these examples

TV or Radio Program see print

Komando, Kim. “Password Security.” WCBS News Radio. WCBS, New York. 20 May 2002.
Transcript. 23 May 2002
<http://wcbs880.com/komando/StoryFolder/story_1002173851_html>.

Sound Recording or Sound Clip (podcast) see print

McFerrin, Bobby. “Kalimba Suite.” Beyond Words. Blue Note, 2002. 21 May 2002
<http://www.liquid.com/promo/fulfill?key=3e9d38799614>.

Painting, Sculpture or Photograph see print

Delacroix, Eugène. Death of Ophelia. 1853. Louvre, Paris. Shakespeare Illustrated. Ed. Harry
Rusche. 13 Sept. 2000. Emory U. 1 Oct. 2002
<http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/classes/Shakespeare_Illustrated/Delacroix.Ophelia.html>
.

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 Other Electronic Sources - Examples

Film or Film Clip see print

Kurosawa, Akira, dir. Throne of Blood. 1957. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. Ed. A.
R. Braunmuller. CD-ROM. New York:Voyager, 1994.
Murnau, F.W., dir. Nosferatu. 1922. The Sync. 16 June 2002
<http://www.thesync.com/ram/nosferatu.ram>.

Interview see print

Ackroyd, Peter. Interview. Bold Type. Nov. 2001. 25 June 2002
<http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/1101/ackroyd/interview.html>.

Map or chart see print

“Phoenix, Arizona.” Map. U.S. Gazetteer. US Census Bureau. 24 Sept. 2002
<http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ReferenceMapFramesetSerlvet?_lang=en>.

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 Other Electronic Sources - Examples

Cartoon or Comic Strip see print

Ohman, Jack. “One Final Carrier Landing Attempt.” Cartoon. USNews.com 8 Apr. 2002.
29 May 2002
<http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/010408/opinion/8cartoon.html>.

Advertisement see print

Lee Mood Ring. Advertisment. 29 June 1998
<http://www.leejeans.com/features/moodring.html>.

Email
Boyle, Anthony T. “Re:Utopia.” Email to Daniel J. Cahill. 21 June 1997.
Harner, James L. Email to author. 20 Aug. 2002.

Online posting (if possible, try to cite the posting in the archives – easier to find!)
Chu, Michael. “Bellini Style.” Online posting. 20 May 2002. Opera-L. 21 May 2002
<http://lists.cuny.edu/archives/opera-l.html>.
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