STIRRED-TANK HEATING PROCESS: CONSTANT HOLDUP

 
Consider the stirred-tank heating
system shown in Fig. 2.3. The
liquid inlet stream consists of a
single component with a mass
flow rate and an inlet temperature
. The tank contents are agitated
and heated using an electrical
heater that provides a heating rate,
. A dynamic model will be
developed based on the.
 1.Perfect mixing; thus, the exit temperature T is also the temperature of the tank
contents.
2. The inlet and outlet flow rates are equal; thus, = and the liquid holdup V is
constant.
3. The density ρ and heat capacity C of the liquid are assumed to be constant. Thus,
their temperature dependence is neglected.
4. Heat losses are negligible.

*In constant hold up dv/dt =0 so wi=w

 where is the constant pressure heat capacity (assumed to be constant). The total
internal energy of the liquid in the tank can be expressed as the product of and the
mass in the tank, :

An expression for the rate of internal energy accumulation can be derived from
Eqs. 2-29 and 2-30:

 Next,we derive an expression for the enthalpy term that appears on the right-hand
side of Eq. 2-10. Suppose that the liquid in the tank is at a temperature and has an
enthalpy, . Integrating Eq. 2-29 from a reference temperature to gives
 where
is the value of at . Without loss of generality, we assume that = 0 (see
Appendix B). Thus, Eq. 2-32 can be written as

Similarly, for the inlet stream,

Substituting Eq. 2-33 and Eq. 2-34 into the convection term of Eq. 2-10 gives

Finally, substitution of Eq. 2-31 and Eq. 2-35 into Eq. 2-10 gives the desired
dynamic model of the stirred-tank heating system:
 Note that the terms have canceled, because C was assumed to be constant, and
thus independent of temperature.
A degrees of freedom analysis for this model gives
3 parameters: V, ρ, C
4 variables: T, Ti,, Q
1 equation: Eq. 2-36
Thus, the degrees of freedom are NF = 4 − 1 = 3. The process variables are
classified as
1 output variable: T
3 input variables: Ti,, Q
For control purposes, it is reasonable to classify the three inputs as
2 disturbance variables: Ti,
1 manipulated variable: Q
 STIRRED-TANK HEATING PROCESS: VARIABLE HOLDUP
 The overall mass balance is

The energy balance for the current stirred-tank heating system can be derived from Eq.
2-10 in analogy with the derivation of Eq. 2-36. We again assume that = for the
liquid in the tank. Thus, for constant ρ,

From the definition of and Eqs. 2-33 and 2-34, it follows that

where and are the mass flow rates of the inlet and outlet streams, respectively.
Substituting Eq. 2-38 and Eq. 2-39 into Eq. 2-10 gives
 Next we simplify the dynamic model. Because ρ is constant, Eq. 2-37 can be written as

The chain rule can be applied to expand the left side of Eq. 2-40 for constant :

From Eq. 2-29 or 2-33, it follows that . Substituting this expression and Eqs. 2-33 and 2-41
into Eq. 2-42 gives
ELECTRICALLY HEATED STIRRED TANK: CONSTANT HOLDUP
Based on this new assumption, and the previous
assumptions of Section 2.4.1, the unsteady-state energy
balances for the tank and the heating element can be
written as

 where and is the product of the mass of metal in the

heating element and its specific heat. The term is the
product of the heat transfer coefficient and area available
for heat transfer. Note that and are the thermal
capacitances of the tank contents
and the heating element, respectively.
 Ifflow rate is constant, Eqs. 2-47 and 2-48 can be converted into a single
second-order differential equation. First, solve Eq. 2-47 for and then
differentiate to find . Substituting the expressions for and into Eq. 2-48 yields
EXAMPLE 2.4
An electrically heated stirred-tank process can be modeled by Eqs. 2-47 and
2-48 or, equivalently, by Eq. 2-49 alone. Process design and operating
conditions are characterized by the following four parameter groups:
 Calculate the nominal steady-state temperature, T.

(b) Assume that the process is initially at the steady state determined in part (a).
Calculate the response, T(t), to a sudden change in Q from 5000 to 5400
kcal/min using Eq. 2-49. Plot the temperature response.

(c) Suppose that it can be assumed that the term is small relative to other terms
in Eq. 2-49. Calculate the response for the conditions of part (b), using a first-
order differential equation approximation to Eq. 2-49. Plot on the graph for part
(b).

(d) What can we conclude about the accuracy of the approximation for part (c)
(d) Figure 2.4 shows
that the approximate
solution (b) is quite
good, matching the
exact solution very well
over the entire
response. For purposes
of process control,
this approximate model
is likely to be as useful
as the more
complicated, exact
model.
Steam-Heated Stirred Tank
 Steam (or some other heating medium) can be condensed within a coil or jacket to
heat liquid in a stirred tank, and the inlet steam pressure can be varied by adjusting
a control valve. The condensation pressure then fixes the steam temperature
through an appropriate thermodynamic relation or from tabular information such
as the steam tables.

 Consider the stirred-tank heating system of with constant holdup and a steam
heating coil. Where the subscripts , and refer, respectively, to the wall of the
heating coil and to its steam and process sides.
where the subscripts w, s, and p refer, respectively, to the wall of the heating coil
and to its steam and process sides.
The dynamic model contains three output variables (Ts, T, and Tw) and three
equations: an algebraic equation with Ts related to Ps (a thermodynamic equation)
and two differential equations. Thus, Eqs. 2-50 through 2-52 constitute an exactly
specified model with three input variables: Ps, Ti, and w. Several important features
are noted.
LIQUID STORAGE SYSTEMS