Pattern Recognition

Muna Shrestha
What is pattern?

 Pattern is everywhere around us.

 A pattern can either be seen physically or observed mathematically by applying

algorithms.

Example: The colours on the clothes, speech pattern, a pattern represented using

vector features values in programs, regularities in data etc.

What is Pattern Recognition ?

 Process by which we recognize an object or event as being familiar, then label or

identify them

 A Cognitive ability, which can be nature or nurture

 Past knowledge allows finer pattern recognition abilities

1. Face Recognition 1. haircut of a friend

2. Speech recognition 2. Identifying letters, words,, different
3. multimedia document recognition (MDR) shapes, sizes, designs, colors
 Pattern Recognition in Technology

 Pattern recognition is unique to human. However, getting computers and

technologies to recognize patterns, thought difficult has a huge application in
tech-world.

 Fingerprint recognition, face recognition, pattern recognition replacing

passwords and pins in androids, tablets, laptops etc.
Theories of Pattern Recognition

1. Template matching

2. Feature Analysis/ Detection

3. Proto-type matching

4. Bottom-up and Top-Down processing

5. Geon theory (recognition based on geometric primitives)

Template Matching Theory

 Patterns are identified by stored templates for each uniquely recognized

item,

 Each stimulus is compared to find a good match and the appropriate label
is given
 Limitation of Template Matching Theory
 Pattern variation:
 Varied Orientation

 Gestalt phenomenon

 Novel Stimuli (Recognize object we have never seen

 Infinite number of templates required

 Feature Analysis/Detection Theory

 Certain defining features and their combinations are

the central recognition strategy.

 Each item is associated with at least a set of common

features

 Analysis-by-synthesis

 Perceptual confusion
Analysis-by-synthesis process

1. Extraction of features from sensory register

2. Matching them with features in Long Term Memory

3. Comparison of features

4. Making decision
Perceptual Confusion

 More features in common, more confusion

 More difficult to detect differences in stimuli with large number of shared features (Visual
Search Demonstration by Neisser (1964)

Example:

1. V and W (Similar letters)

2. Identical twins

3. Different model of same car

 Advantages and Limitations of Features
Theories
Advantages:

Solves many problems associated with template matching like different orientation, pattern variation, some (but not all)
Gestalt phenomenon

Limitations:

1. Bidirectional images: Same stimuli seen differently depending upon mood and recent experiences

2. Defining features definition: What are defining feature? What about exceptional stimuli?

3. Context effects: Word superiority effect, Same stimuli –different context

4. Involves Bottom-up (data driven) processing only

Bi-directional
images
Word Superiority Effect
Find the letter K?
 Same structure
Different Context
Prototype Matching theory

 Sensory units registers a new stimulus and compares to prototypes, or standard model, of the
stimulus.

 Unlike template matching and feature analysis, exact match is not expected

 Here Proto-type is stored representation that act of ‘exemplar’ of entire category of patterns

 This works on sense of belonging or not belonging to a group.

 Bottom-up and Top-down processing
theory

 Bottom-up processing: Analysis of objects into parts, processing starts with basic units and our
perception in then built on the foundation laid by these units

However, perception is influenced by higher cognitive processes.

 Top-down processing (Conceptually driven processing): Global knowledge detect patterns.

Processing based on higher level information such as meaningful context, observer knowledge,
experience, biases, emotive states etc.
 Top-down processing

Problem with top-down processing is when proof reading our own work where we read what we meant to
say rather than what is actually what is in front of us because its knowledge driven
References

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pattern-recognition-introduction/

 https://youtu.be/TcoEApoadg8

 Galotti, K. M. (2008). Cognitive psychology: in and out of the laboratory. (4

ed.). USA: Michele Sordi.