Chapter 2: MOTION IN ONE

DIMENSION
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Diagrams
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant
Acceleration
2.7 Freely Falling Objects
Chương 2: Chuyển động một chiều

2.1 Vị trí, vận tốc và tốc độ

2.2 Vận tốc và tốc độ tức thời
2.3 Mô hình phân tích: hạt có vận tốc không đổi
2.4 Gia tốc
2.5 Biểu đồ chuyển động
2.6 Mô hình phân tích: hạt có gia tốc không đổi
2.7 Các vật rơi tự do
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
 Particle model (mô hình chất điểm): A particle
is a point-like object; has mass but infinitesimal
size.

 Position (Tọa độ): The object’s position is its

location with respect to a chosen reference point.
Commonly used Descarts system and Polar
system.
 Displacement (Độ dời)
• Displacement is defined as the change in
position during some time interval.
– Represented as x
x ≡ xf - xi
– SI units are meters (m)
– x can be positive or negative
• Distance (quãng đường)
– Distance is the length of a path followed by a
particle.
 Average Velocity
• The average velocity is rate at which the
displacement occurs.

Vx,age is also the slope of

the line in the position-
time graph
 Average Speed
• Speed is a scalar quantity.
– Has the same units as velocity
– Defined as total distance / total time:
• The speed has no direction and is always
expressed as a positive number.
 Average Speed and Average Velocity

• The average speed is not the magnitude of

the average velocity.
– For example, a runner ends at her starting
point.
– Her displacement is zero.
– Therefore, her velocity is zero.
– However, the distance traveled is not zero, so
the speed is not zero.
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
 Instantaneous Velocity
• The limit of the average velocity as the
time interval becomes infinitesimally short,
or as the time interval approaches zero.
• The instantaneous velocity indicates what
is happening at every point of time.
• The instantaneous velocity can be positive,
negative, or zero.
Instantaneous Velocity, graph
•The instantaneous velocity
is the slope of the line
tangent to the x vs. t curve.
 Instantaneous Speed
• The instantaneous speed is the magnitude
of the instantaneous velocity.
• The instantaneous speed has no direction
associated with it.
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under
Constant Velocity
Model: A Particle Under Constant Velocity

– vx = vx, avg
– The mathematical representation of this
situation is the equation.

– Common practice is to let ti = 0 and the

equation becomes: xf = xi + vx t (for constant vx)
Particle Under Constant Velocity, Graph

• The graph represents the

motion of a particle under
constant velocity.
• The slope of the graph is
the value of the constant
velocity.
• The y-intercept is xi.
Model: A Particle Under Constant Speed

• A particle under constant velocity moves

with a constant speed along a straight line.
• A particle can also move with a constant
speed along a curved path.
2.4 Acceleration
• The average acceleration is the rate of
change of the velocity.

• The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of

the average acceleration as t approaches 0.
 Acceleration – graph
• The slope of the velocity-time graph is the acceleration.
• The green line represents the instantaneous acceleration.
• The blue line is the average acceleration.
Graphical Comparison
 Acceleration and Velocity Directions

• When an object’s velocity and acceleration

are in the same direction, the object is
speeding up.
• When an object’s velocity and acceleration
are in the opposite direction, the object is
slowing down.
2.5 Motion Diagrams
 Motion Diagrams
• Red arrows represent velocity.
• Purple arrows represent acceleration.
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under
Constant Acceleration
 Kinematic Equations

• For constant acceleration ax = const (assumes ti = 0

and tf = t)

• Otherwise,
 Kinematic Equations

• For constant acceleration,

2.7 Freely Falling Objects
 Freely Falling Objects
• A freely falling object is any object moving freely under
the influence of gravity alone. Including:
– Dropped – released from rest
– Thrown downward
– Thrown upward
• The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g = 9.80 m/s2.
– g decreases with increasing altitude
– g varies with latitude
– 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface