ASSALAMUALAIKUM WR.

WB
 CONCEPT and PRINCIPLE of NEED ELIMINATION

Group Name Five:

1. Anggi Agustia Ningsih (2126010003)
2. Becca Intan Lestari (2126010001)
3. Ratifa Cahayani (2126010029)
4. Dea Meliza Putri (2126010020)
 DEFINITION of ELIMINATION
Elimination is one of the body’s metabolic processes.
Waste products are excereted through the lungs, skin, kidneys,
and digestion. The lungs primarily excerete carbon dioxida, a gas formed
during metabolism in tissues. Most of the carbon dioxide is carried to the
lungs by the venous system and excreted through the breath. The skin
exceretes water and sodium or sweat. Kidneys are the primary body parts
that are major for excreting excess body fluids, electrolytes, hydrogen ions,
and acids.
 WASTE ELIMATION and BODY METABOLISM

Basic Concepts of Fulfilling Urinary Elimination Needs

1. Micturition (urinary)
Micturition is the process of emptying the bladder when the bladder is
filled.
2. Urinary Reflex
We can see that as the bladder fills, many of the accompanying voiding
contractions begin to appear, as shown by sharp waves with dashed lines.
This condition is caused by a stretch reflex initiated by sensory stretch
receptors in the bladder wall, particularly by receptors in the posterior
urethra when this area begins to fill with urine at higher bladder pressures.
 BASIC CONCEPTS of FECAL ELIMINATION NEEDS
The composition of feces consists of:
1. Bacteria that are generally dead.
2. Release of epithelium from the intestine.
3. Small amounts of nitrogenous substances, especially mucin (mucus).
4. Salt mainly calcium phosphate 5. A little iron from cellulose.
5. Undigested food residue and water (100ml).
 PHYSIOLOGY of the PROCESS of ELIMINATION IN the
BODY

Physiological Anatomy and Nerve Relations in the Bladder

1. Kidney
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, slightly reddish brown in
color, which are located on both sides of the vertebral column posterior to
the peritoneum and are located on the inner back muscles.
2. Ureter
The ureters are tubular structures that are 25-30 cm long and 1.25 cm in
diameter in adults. The ureter extends in a retroperitoneal position to enter
the bladder with in the pelvic cavity (pelvis) at the ureterovesical ureteral
junction.
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3. Bladder
The bladder is a smooth muscle-walled space consisting of two major parts:
the body (corpus), which is the main part of the bladder where urine
collects and, the neck (collum), which is a continuation of the funnel-shaped
inferiorly and anteriorly into a triangular area. Urogenital and associated
with the urethra.
4. Urethra
Urine leaves the bladder through the urethra and exits the body through the
urethral meatus. Under normal conditions, turbulent urene flow kepps urine
free of bacteria. The mucous membrane lines the urethra, and the urethral
glands secrete mucus into the urethral canal. Mucus is consideret to be
bacteriostatic and forms a mucosal plaque to prevent the entry of bacteria.
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5. Innervation of the bladder

The main innervation of the bladder is the pelvic nerves, which
communicate with the spinal cord via the sacral plexus, especially with the
spinal cord segments S-2 and S-3. Running through these pelvic nerves are
sensory nerve vibers and motor nerve fibers. Sensory fibers detect the
degree of stretch in the bladder wall.
 DIGESTIVE TRACT ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

The anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract consists of:

1. Mouth
Teeth function to break down food at the beginning of the digestive process.
Chewing properly can prevent scarring on the surface of the digestive tract.
After chewing the tongue pushes the lumps of food travels to the upper
esophagus and then down into the stomach.
2. Esophagus
The esophagus is a long tube. The upper third is composed of bony muscles
and the remainder is smooth muscle.
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3. Stomach
The lumps of food enter the stomach, the largest partion of the digestive
tract. The movement of food through the stomach and intestines is made
possible by peristalsis, which is the alternating contraction and relaxation of
muscles that push food substances in a wave-like motion.
4. Small intestine
The small intestine (smooth) has three parts:
a. Duodenum, which is in direct contact with the stomach.
b. Jejenum or middle.
c. Ileum.
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5. Large intestine (colon)

Adult colon, length ± 125-150 cm or 50-60 inches, consists of:
1. Cecumm, which is in direct contact with the small intestine.
2. Colon, consisting of ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon.
3. Rectum, 10-15 cm / 4-6 inch.
The physiology of the large intestine is that the large intestine does not
participate in the digestion / absorption of food. When the contents of the
small intestine reach the cecum. Then all the nutrients been absorbed and
until the contents are liquid (called chyme).
 URINE ELIMINATION DISORDERS
Kidney disease will primarily have an impact on the body’s system in
general. One of the most common is urinary disorders. Urinary elimination
disorders may be caused by: (Supratman. 2003).
1. Incompetent bladder outlet.
2. Decreased bladder campacity.
3. Decreased bladder muscle tone.
4. Pelvic floor muscle weakness.
Some of the most common urinary elimination problems inclide:
1. Retention
2. Titanus
3. Incontinesia
 FECAL ELIMINATION PROBLEMS
1. Constipation
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease, namely a decrease in the
frequency of bowel movements accompanied by difficult, hard, and
straining stools. Hard bowel movements can cause rectal pain. This
condition occurs because faces stayin the intestines longer, so more water is
absorbed.
2. Diarrhea
Diarrhea is bowel movements (BAB) often with fluid and stools that are not
form. Intestinal contents pass through the small intestine and colon very
quickly. Irritation in the colon is an additional factor that causes increased
mucosal secretion. As a result, the stool becomes watery so that the patient
cannot control and hold bowel movements (BAB).
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3. Fecal incontinence
That is a condition of not being able tocontrol bowel movements and air from the
anus, loose stools and large numbers of them. Generally accompanied by impaired
anal sphincter function, neuromuscular disease, spinal cord trauma and external
anal sphincter tumors.
4. Flatulens
Namely the accumulation of gas in the intestinal lumen, the intestinal wall is
stretched and distended, feeling full, pain and cramping. Gas usually comes out
through the mouth (burping) or the anus (flatus). The things that cause increased
gas in the intestines are the breakdown of food by bacteria that produce methane
gas, decay in the intestines that produces CO2.
5. Hemorrhoids
Namely dilatation of swollen veins in the rectal wall (can be internal on external).
 FACTORS AFFECTING ELIMINATION:

1. Diet and intake 10. Muscle tone

2. Response to the initial urge to urinate 11. Surgery
3. Lifestyle 12. Treatment
4. Psychological stress 13. Diagnostic check
5. Activity level
6. Development level
7. Disease condition
8. Sociocultural
9. One’s habits
FINISHED
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WASSALAMUALAIKUM WR.WB.