Energy Management

EEE-Unit-5

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 Energy Management

 Detailed analysis of the energy use in a certain equipment, activity,

installation , building, campus:
 Where energy is used
 When energy is used
 How energy is used

 Through an audit it is possible to:

 identify/model the required energy services
 Design a solution to improve the energy use and supply
 Equipment replacement, process change, user behaviour change

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 Energy Management

 Preparing and Planning

 Facility inspection

 Field Work

 Data analysis

 Energy audit reporting

 Energy Action Plan

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 Collect data regarding energy use and production

 Energy bills (at least 1 year)

 Production (at least 1 year)

 Collect data regarding building envelope and equipment's

 Location and weather data

 Building description (blueprints, bill of materials, etc.)

 Characteristics of the main equipment's

 Functional organization, analysis of

 Preliminary data analysis

 Find any awkward result…

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 Energy Management

 Visit together with the facility manager to see how the

facility operates
 Collect other data (if available)

 Observe the building envelope

 Identify “low-hanging fruit” savings

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 Energy Management

Forma de energia E.Eléctrica Propano

Unidade fisica MWh Ton
Gcal/unid. fisica 0.86 11.39
GJ/unid. fisica 3.60 46.30
Tep/unid. fisica 0.29 1.14

1998 1999
Mês 1998 1999
Mês E.Eléctrica Propano E.Eléctrica Propano
(fx) (fx)
MWh Ton MWh Ton
Jan 33,324 56,894
Jan 266.5 176.3 374.0 150.3
Fev 37,658 51,774
Fev 285.3 152.6 435.7 171.6
Mar 40,846 58,383
Mar 270.8 169.1 397.3 194.3
Abr 35,727 43,010
Abr 385.4 165.2 410.0 123.6
Mai 41,889 45,421
Mai 322.8 158.7 416.7 180.2
Jun 45,167 48,938
Jun 368.6 157.9 468.8 185.7
Jul 45,463 52,463
Jul 367.0 151.1 464.1 194.1
Ago 36,083 35,180
Ago 336.1 115.2 292.0 156.9
Set 63,351 51,809
Set 315.4 189.0 494.1 187.9
Out 60,443 48,316
Out 410.5 188.7 398.8 199.1
Nov 67,612 51,692
Nov 398.7 196.6 493.4 209.2
Dez 53,611 30,666
Dez 431.2 162.8 422.8 158.3
Total 561,174 574,546
Total 4,158.4 1,983.1 5,067.8 2,111.3
Média 46,765 47,879
Média 346.5 165.3 422.3 175.9

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 Detailed analysis of the collected data

 Evaluate energy consumption baseline (normalize climate
data)
 Prepare energy balance
 Identify energy services
• Heating and cooling • Elevators and other mechanical transportation
 Characterize equipment's performance
– Hot water and steam boilers systems
– Chillers and cooling towers • Specific equipment's of the building
– Ait treatment units – Monitors in hospitals, TVs in restaurants
– Ventilation units
• Refrigeration equipment's in kitchens , laundries,
– Pumps and pipes
pools
– Air conditioning units
• Energy generation systems (solar, co-generation)
– Air conditioning controllers
• The efficiency of every heat generation system
• Hot Water
should be verified
– Tankers
• Lighting
– Lights
– Ballasts
– Controllers EEE-Unit-5

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 Energy Management

 With the collected data and the characterization of the facility, prepare
the field work:
 The list of equipments that will be measured
 The list of equipments that needs to be used for measurement
 The measuring procedure (one point measure, long data collection)
 Interviews to be done to complete information

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 Measure energy consumption of main sectors/equipments

 Productive systems, hot water, heating and ventilation

 Identify lack of maintenance

 Verify electric installations

 Verify HVAC and lighting controllers

 Continuous monitoring or main consumption points of energy to obtain

load diagrams
 One day

 One week

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 Energy Management

 Complementary measurements to collect information

 Room temperatures
 Room luminance
 Characterize schedule of main equipments (interviews, observations)
 Characterize the envelope in detail and how users interact with it
(interviews, observations)
 Characterize utilization patterns

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 Energy Management

EQUIPMENT

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 Energy Management

Physical entities Equipment

• Electricity • Electrical analyzer
• Mass flow • Anemometer (turbine, Pitot)
• Temperature • Thermometer
• Humidity • Humidity meter
• Flue gases composition • O2, CO2, CO analyzer
• Luminance • Luximeter
• Total dissolved solids • TDS meter

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Energy Management

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 Energy Management

450

400 4ª feira 5ª feira 6ª feira Sábado

350

300
Potência (kW)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00

Potência Média Potência Instantânea

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 Energy Management

50

45

40

35
Potência (kW)

30

25

20

15

10

0
12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00

P. Média P. Instantânea

Medições no compressor 793

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 Energy Management

Energy balances in energy audits

The energy balance in EAs differs from current

thermodinamic energy balances because some
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an error
of measurement

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 Energy Management

Energy audit objectives:

1 - Energy accountability (data)
2 - Energy consumption (measurements)
Direct measurement
Energy balance (equation + measures)
3 - Energy savings
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 Energy Management

Energy balances in energy audits

The energy balance in EAs differs from current

thermodinamic energy balances because some
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an error
of measurement
Oftenly we do also need to assume the values of certain
parameters and then to check the balances.
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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 Water used for

 Showers
 Washing (dishes, clothes, house cleaning)
 Important Variables
 Litters of water
 Final temperature (Hot)
 Initial temperature (Cold)
 Energy

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 Energy Management

Reducing water usage reduces energy water

consumption

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 Energy Management

 The Final Temperature has two conflicting constraints

 Skin scalding (5s at 60ºC)

 Bacterial Contamination (e.g. Legionella)

 The European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires’

Disease recommend that hot water should be stored at 60 °C (140 °F) and distributed such
that a temperature of at least 50 °C (122 °F) and preferably 55 °C (131 °F) is achieved within one
minute at points of use

 The Initial Temperature

 Depends on the ambient temperature

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 Energy Management

Typical values in
Portugal

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 Energy Management

Energy balance sequence:

Frontier definition
Characterization of mass and energy flows
Equations identification
Definition of measurement plan
Equipment selection
Measurements
Validation

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 Energy Management

Example: Industrial heat generator

Wall
Losses
3

Electrical
resistance

Qelec

1 2

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 Energy Management

Equations and unknowns:

Mass and energy balance:
m1  m2  m3
m1C pT1  m2C pT2  Q  m3C pT3  H .Loss

Unknowns - measurements:
Good confidence: Q, T1, T2, T3
Less confidence: m1, m2
No confidence: m3, Heat loss
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 Energy Management

Case 1: Equilibrium
2 Equations = 2 Unknowns
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2
Unknowns obtained by 2 eq. System:
m3, Heat loss

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 Describe the energy demand of the installation and the

costs
 Describe the equipment status
 Identify energy efficiency measures, the investment and its
potential payback
 Substitution or retrofit of equipment
 Use of more efficient controllers
 Installation of energy management systems
 Introduction of renewable resources generation
 Identify upcoming changes in regulations that may impact
on the current energy use
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 Energy Management

 From the different measures proposed in the energy audit,

identify an implementation plan
 Investment plan
 Schedule
Low cost measures should be the first to be
implemented
The return of investment period should be the
indicator used to prioritize the measures in the plan
This should be done closely with the energy manager
and the board

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

Applying the 1st law of thermodynamics

 Balance between all the gains and losses
 Solar (S)
 Internal(I)
 Conduction, convection and radiation
through envelope (T)
 Air mass balance/ventilation (V)

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 Energy Management

 Electric appliances
 Computers
Heat generation in power sources, processor
 Lighting
Radiation and convection
 Occupants
Radiation, convection, latent heat (water vapour)

We do not consider here the heat generation from radiators, fireplaces, AC

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 Air Exchange between the interior and the exterior originates changes
in the internal energy (and thus temperature)

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 Energy Management

Design Builder
It allows to evaluate all
heat exchanges and
calculates heating and
cooling needs

Open Studio

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

Simple and direct method (though incomplete) to

characterize the climate of a certain region

 It measures the product between the number of days and the

number of degrees that the interior temperature is lower

(heating) or higher (cooling) than a certain comfort
temperature
 Heating degree days (HDD)

 Cooling degree days (CDD)

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

“mind state that expresses satisfaction about the

thermal environment”
Human comfort depends on the ability to control
the body temperature between 36 and 37ºC
It depends on the balance between heat exchange
 It is not only about air temperature
It depends on the humidity
(evaporation/transpiration)
 It depends on the activity, clothes, etc…

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 Energy Management

Temperature: 20 to 27ºC
Relative humidity: 30 to 60%

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

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 Energy Management

 It describes the disruption of the thermal

insulation due to the existence of a material with
high conductivity
 They can represent up to 20% losses

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 Energy Management

 Adds width (L) with a fairly good insulation

 k: 0.18 a 0.41 W/mK
 Concrete roof k=1.4 W/mK
 Has impact on radiation and convection through latent heat

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