EHV SYSTEM

PROTECTION
BY
V.K.JAIN
DCDE (PE-ELECT)
NTPC
M-9650991726.
Email:vinodjain@ntpceoc.co.in
Typical Overhead Transmission Line Parameters

Nominal Voltage
132kV 220kV 400kV 765kV

Conductor Panther Zebra Twin Moose Quad

Configuration Bersimis

R(/KM) 1.622 0.0748 0.02979 0.0114

X(/KM)
B(µS/KM) 0.386 0.3992 0.332 0.2618

2.926 2.933 3.468 4.1000

ZC (() 363 368 309 252

SIL(MW) 48 132 517 2322

Charging MVA/kM 0.05 0.142 0.55 2.4
 SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

 PROTECTION OF OVERHEAD
LINES

 BUS BAR PROTECTION

 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
KEY ASPECTS
 Reliability
 Security
 Sensitivity
 Selectivity
 Zone over lapping
 co-ordination
 Primary & Back up Relays
 Speed
 KEY ASPECTS
 Reliability  Probability that the system will
function correctly when required to
act(for a fault in it’s zone)
 Security/Stability
 Refrain from unwanted operation in
the absence of fault or fault out side
it’s zone
 Ability of the system to detect the
 Sensitivity threshold value of an abnormal
condition to initiate protective action.
 Regions of primary sensitivity
 Protection zones  Determination of graded settings to
 Coordination
achieve selectivity

 Relays with in a particular zone that

should operate for prescribed
 Primary Relays abnormalities with in that zone

 Relays outside a given primary

 Back up Relays protection zone, independently of the
primary Relays.
 Key parameters/philosophies
 Different CT schemes
• 6/5/4/3 CT scheme for breaker and a half scheme
• Single CT for DMT/DB/MT
• CT connectivity in different schemes
 CT parameters
 Protection Application
• Knee point voltage
• Magnetizing current
• Accuracy

 Metering application
• Accuracy
• ISF
4CT SCHEME
(Dadri, Ramagundam, Farakka)
5CT SCHEME
(Talcher-I, Kahalgaon-I, Gandhar Projects of NTPC)
6CT SCHEME. ( Talcher-II, Simhadri-I&II, Sipat Stage-I&II, Rihand-II
and all future Projects of NTPC.)
 PROTECTION RELAY OPERATION SEQUENCE
FAULT
POINT 6-CT 5-CT 4-CT

A Bus bar Protection followed by Bus bar Protection followed by Bus bar Protection followed by
LBB of CB-1 LBB of CB-1 LBB of CB-1

B Bus bar Protection followed by Bus bar Protection followed by Bus bar Protection followed by
LBB of CB-2 LBB of CB-2 LBB of CB-2

C Tee-1 and Tee-2 Protection; both Tee-2 followed by LBB of CB-2; Feeder-1 and 2 Protections; both
feeders are lost. both feeders are lost. feeders are lost

D Tee-1 and Tee-2 Protection; both Tee-2; only one feeder is lost Feeder-1 and 2 Protections; both
feeders are lost feeders are lost

E (*) Tee-2 Tee-2 Feeder-2 protection

E (**) Tee-2 Protection Tee-2 Not covered by Main

protections of feeder-2;
additional protection such
as STUBB protn reqd.
Metering Provision for Main and Check Main and Check Meters connected Main and Check Meters
Meters to be connected to to same cores connected to same cores
separate cores

Both feeders in service

(*)
Only 1 feeder in service
(**)
 Switchyard No. of CTs Reduced As-erected cost Coast Saving

765kV 20 Rs. 43 Lakhs Rs. 8.60 Crores

(Typ. 10 Dia.)

400kV 30 Rs. 6 Lakhs Rs.1.50 Crores

(Typ. 15 Dia)
 Line relaying selection
 Criticality of line
 Fault clearing time
 Line length
 Strength of source
 Line configuration
 Communications
 Past practices
 Old versus new technology
 Future
 Re closing requirements
 Effect of load in the relay application
 Unit/Non unit protections
 Unit protection
 Zone is defined
 No back up to ad joint sections.
 Similar CTS required.

 Non Unit protection

 Instantaneous protection for primary zone
 Time delayed protection for ad joint sections
 Classification of line protection

 Unit protection
 Phase comparison (old relays like P40)-Not

used presently.
 Pilot wire differential

 Non Unit protection

 Distance protection

 Directional over current

Pilot wire Differential protection
 Current balanced or voltage balanced
 Relay at one end or both ends depending on line length
 Not economical for long lines due to the cost of pilot
wires
 Strict supervision of pilot wires required

Recently, differential Relays based on FO cables

e.g. Over Differential Protection at NTPC Koldam
(4x200MW). Is being used.
 Non Unit protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION
 MAIN PARAMETERS

 MULTI ZONE SETTINGS FACILITY WITH

INDEPENDEDNT IMPEDANCE AND TIME SETTINGS
FORWARD & REVERSE REACH

 VARIOUS SCHEME OPTIONS (PUR/POR/BLOCKING,TRANSFER TRIP)

 INBUILT POWER SWING BLOCKING , FUSE FAILURE PROTECTION

 INBUILT OPEN JUMPER PROTECTION

 POLIGONAL / MHO CHARACTERISTICS.

 INDEPENDENTLY ADJUSTABLE RESISTIVE AND REACTIVE REACH

 Tripping characteristics of distance
relays
 Plain Impedance
 Directional Impedance
 Mho Relay
 Offset mho Relay
 Reactance added MHO relay
 Quadrilateral
 Lenticular

 RECENT PRACTICE :
 MULTIPLE MHO (AT LEAST ONE WITH OFFSET)
 QUADRILATTERAL
 AT LEAST ONE NUMERICAL WITH BUILT IN OVER
VOLTAGE,OPEN JUMPER,LBB,FUSE FAILURE , DR
characterist features Key features/limitations
ics
Plain IMP Simple circle with origin of R/X plain as center      Non directional/
Affected by arc resistance
Sensitive to power swing
Dir.Imp Plain impedance + a directional characteristics which is a     Affected by arc resistance
straight line through origin (a semicircle )  Sensitive to power swing

Mho relay Circle passing through origin      Stable for Power swing
Straight line on admittance plane(hence the name)      Under reach during high arc
resistance
 Preferred for long lines

Offset mho Circle passing through origin  reverse reach used for back up for station
bus bar
better stability during power swing
used as carrier starting element for blocking
scheme

Measures only reactive imp Suitable for For short lines where arc
Reactance Straight line parallel to X axis resistance is significant
Non directional
Mho+ Circle through origin + a straight line parallel to x axis All features of Offset mho and reactance
react For short lines where arc resistance is
significant
Quadrilatera Rectangles of different X/R(improved version of High degree of tolerance to arc
l reactance relay) resistance
Lenticular Similar to Mho except it is lens shaped Similar to MHO
But less affected by load
 EHV line protection : Standard
practices
 220 kV & above
 Main-1(Distance)
 Main-2(Distance / phase comparison)
(Recent trend is Double Distance with both numerical )
 Over voltage(400 kV & above)
 Open jumper(400 kV & above)
 Duplicated LBB
 Duplicated TEE Differential (In case of 1& ½ breaker scheme with
5 or 6 CT)
 132 kV
 One distance
 One directional Back Up Over Current
 LBB
Typical line prot SLD 21L1-LINE MAIN-I DIST. PROT.

21L2-LINE MAIN-II DIST. PROT.

59L1 /2 - LINE OVER VOLTAGE PROT.

46L – LINE OPEN JUMPER PROT.

97-VT FUSE FAILURE PROT.

79-AUTO RECLOSURE RELAY

LBB-1/2- Main BREAKER FAILURE PROT.

BCU- BAY CONTROL UNIT

EM- ENERGY METER(ABT TYPE)

DR- DISTURBANC
RECORDER(STANDALONE/BUILT-IN)

FL-FAULT LOCATOR
 Guidelines for Distance Relay Settings
(Major Parameter/Zone Settings
 Zone –1
80 % of protected line Time : Instantaneous

 Zone –2
Least of following
120 % of protected line
OR
100% of protected line + 50% of next shortest line
(for long lines followed by a short line)
OR
100% of protected line + 50% of impedance of all transformers at other end in parallel
Time Delay (typ) : 300 – 400 milli sec
(Coordinate with prim protection of adj line incl CB trip time)

Zone –3
Least of following

Protected line imp + 100% of next longest line

OR
Protected line+ 50-80% of impedance of all transformers at other end in parallel
Zone –3 time delay : 0.9- 1200 msec
 Distance Relay Reach
 Under reach
 Impedance presented to the
relay is greater than the
apparent impedance
 Uncompensated Earth fault
Relay
 Remote infeed
 Parallel lines
 Over reach
 Impedance presented to
the relay is less than the
apparent impedance
• Relay applied on Parallel
line
• And one line taken out of
service and earthed at
each end.
 Need of distance schemes
 Distance schemes are adopted
 Ensure fault clearance from both ends for
through out line sections
 Scheme adopted depends on type of line.
 Distance schemes
Various carrier aided distance schemes are
employed with stepped distance characteristics
 Direct under reach transfer trip(DUTT)
 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT)
 Permissive Over Reach Transfer Trip (POTT)
 Zone –1 extension (Non carrier scheme)
 Blocking scheme
(suitable for Teed feeders)
Direct Under Reach Transfer Tripping Scheme
 Carrier Scheme
 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip
(for medium and long lines)
Permissive Over Reach Transfer
Trip (for small lines)
Zone-1 Extension Scheme (Z1X)- where no communication
channel is present.
Blocking permissive overreach scheme.
 Other protections/features
 LBB
 Back up in case of stuck breaker condition
 Initiated from all the protections that trip the breaker
 Acts if the AC current in the circuit is more than a set limit,for a set
time delay after the protections acted
 Trips all the breakers connected to that bus and the remote end
breaker to stop the fault current
 Typical setting:
 Current 20% of In for all bays other than gen. trf. bays
5 % For gen bays
 Time delay 200 msec
 Open jumper protection:
 Detects the negative sequence current
 Alarm/ Trip issued when I2 exceeds a set limit and after a set time
delay
 Time delay shall be greater than the single phase dead time of A/R
and a considerable margin
 Improvements in the protection
system
1. LBB RE TRIP (except for line feeders)
Trip all the breakers
LBB 200 m sec connected to the
bus

50ms Re trip command to

the same breaker
through self reset trip
relays
 Over voltage
 Two stage o/v protection
 Stage –1 : 120 % 2-5 sec
 Stage –2 : 140 % instantaneous

 Fuse failure protection

 Detects the sec fuse failure of VT and blocks the voltage dependent
protections
 In absence of I0, I2 AND I-VTS NOT BLOCKED.
 In modern numerical distance relays, VT fuse failure switch on an
O/C feature

 Duplicated TEE differential

 Provided for all the T junctions of breaker and a half scheme

 Preferably on two different principle
• One high impedance differential(CAG/RADHA/FAC)
• One biased differential(MBCH/RADSB)
 WHY AUTO RECLOSE
 80-90% of faults on any O/H line network are transient in nature.
 E.g. Lightening, clashing conductors, wind blown debris
 A/R is only permitted in O/h Lines because of option of automatic
extinguishing of a fault arc .
 If Protected object is a mixture of o/h lines, it must be ensured that reclosure
can be performed only in the event of a fault on O/h line.

 Minimize the interruptions in Supply to consumer

 A High Speed Trip and Auto-reclose cycle clears the fault without threatening
the system stability.
 A/R function
 Built in Auto reclose function
accepted in BCU/Line Distance
protections if
• DUPLICATED A/R IS PROVIDED
• AND
• AUTOMATIC CHANGE OVER IS PROVIDED DURING FAILURE
OF ONE
• Even this philosophy is being reviewed and stand alone A/R
function is being adopted now.
 Priority closing for breaker and a half system
 Allows Tie CB to auto reclose only if main CB auto recloses
successfully.
 Memory ckt to take care of main CB open conditions.
 Auto reclosing

 Dead time : long enough to completely de-ionise the

arc
• TYP 1 SEC FOR FAST A/R 10 SEC FOR DELAYED A/R
 Reclaim time: sufficient for the CB closing mech to reset
and get ready for next reclosing
mechanism
• TYP 25 SEC
 No of shots : in EHV system single shot preferred
as repeated reclosure attempts cause
damage
Three phase vs : single phase preferred.
single phase
Typ. Auto-reclose setting Parameters are:
Dead Time: 1sec.
Reclaim Time:25sec.
Close Pulse time:200ms.
 AR CYCLE-GENERAL DESCRIPTION

PSL
enabled
signal
A/R Start/Block logic Diagram
 Practical issues of distance relaying
 power swing blocking
 Power swing is a 3 ph balanced phenomena

an outer most zone provided for PSB after the last dist zone , equal to
approx 1.3 times the last dist zone
 power swing is detected by monitoring the speed of imp locus
 tripping blocked in zone 2 & 3 unblocked in Zone 1(mainly in generating
stations)
 Power swing blocking is inhibited when a residual current is detected
( ie, if earth fault occurs during power wing)
Arc resistance (approx = 2.9x104L / I1.4)
 moves the ends of reach impedance to the right of Z plane
 Reach of distance relay is reduced due to arc resistance(under reach)
 More predominant in short lines as Rarc is considerable to line imp.
 Quadrilateral characteristics permits to set resistive reach independently
for each zone/element to take care of arc resistance
POWER SWING CHARACTERISTICS
 Current reversal Of Parallel circuits

Current Reversal in Double Circuit Lines

t reversal guard = Signal Channel Resetting Time+35ms.

 DISTURBANCE RECORDER
 All EHV lines are provided with Disturbance recorders
 Monitors the analogue and digital changes in the circuit and
triggers for a set of such selected changes such as
 Threshold values of V/I/F
 Rate of change of V/I/F
 Operation of all major protections
 Record the wave form for a set time period for pre-fault, fault
and post fault conditions.
 Sampling frequency 1000 – 2000Hz
 Gen practice is to have individual Data acquisition units for
various bays and a common evaluation unit
 The record obtained from DR can be played back to the
relays through dynamic relay test kits like Omicron , Pulsar
etc to test the performance of the relays
 Recent Numerical Distance relays have built in DR meeting
most of the requirements.(MICOM ,REL 7SA series )
 Commonly used relays
Protection ABB ALSTOM SIEMENS
(NUM
.RELAYS)
Distance protections RALZB (wave det+imp) MM3T
RASFE(quad+mho) QUADRA MHO (quad) 7 SA SERIES
LZ 96( OPTIMHO(quad)
NUMERICAL RELAY: MICHROMHO(Multiple mho)
REL SERIES WITH IN NUM RELAY
BUILTIN LBB,O/V, EPAC/MICOM SERIES
A/R/OPEN WITH BUILT IN
JUMPER/DR/FL LBB/AR/OPEN
(Multiple Characteristics) JUMPER/OV/DR/FL

LBB RAICA MCTI,CTIG 7 SV

VOLTAGE RELAY RXEG VAG,VDG,VTU PART OF DIST

CURRENT RELAY RXIG CAG 7 SJ

CDG
CTU
AUTORECLOSE RAAAM VARM111 7 VK
FREQUENCY RELAY FCN 7 RW
 What is Bus-Bar Protection?
 It’sa protection system which primarily
protects bus-bars and associated
equipments of transmission or distribution
network substations/ switchyards from
phase to phase or phase to earth faults.
 When Bus-Bar Protn Operates?
 MUST operate very fast when fault is
internal (operating time of 15 ms at 5 times
set value).
 MUST NOT operate for
external or Through fault.
 MUST be very stable during normal
operating conditions
When Bus-Bar Protn Operates?
contd

Substation to be protected

External/Through Fault

Internal Fault
How Bus-Bar Protn operates ?

KIRCHOFF’s CURRENT LAW

 KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
 At every node, the sum of all currents
entering a node must be equal zero. What
this law means physically is that charge
cannot accumulate in a node; what goes in
must come out.
i.e. I1 + I2 - I3 = 0
Or I1 + I2 = I3
Node
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
contd

Substation to be protected

I1 I3

I2
I4

If

I1 + I2 = I3 + I4

If = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
How Bus-Bar Protn operates ?
contd

Substation to be protected

Trip Bus

Main-1 Main-2
Operating Principle

Differential
 Types of Bus Bar Protection

 High Impedance Differential protection

 Low impedance Differential protection

High Impedance Differential
Equipment to be protected
I1 I1 I2

i1 i1’
i1 – i1’ i2
Stabilising i1 + i2
Resistance
Operating
relay
High Impedance Differential
contd

• VOLTAGE OPERATED
• CURRENT OPERATED
• ALL CT CONNECTIONS ARE LOOPED IN
THE YARD AND SINGLE CABLE TAKEN
TO THE RELAY
• AUGMENTATION IS EASY
• THROUGH FAULT STABILITY ACHIEVED
THROUGH STABILISING RESISTORS
CONNECTED IN THE RELAY CIRCUIT.
 High Impedance Differential
contd

 Settings
 Vs = If(Rct+2 Rl)

 Vk not less than 2 x Vs

 Effective current setting

Ir = Is+ nxIe
Is= relay circuit current setting
Ie= Magnetising curent
N= No of CTs in parallel
I pry = Ir X turns ratio
 High Impedance Differential
contd

 CT
 Matching CT ratio to avoid spill current

during healthy state

 Less Rct/ less Ie/high CT ratio

 Routing of CT connection
 Looped at the yard itself to ensure
minimum loop resistance and thus a
minimum setting voltage and a minimum
Vk for a given stability limit
 Low Impedance Differential
Equipment to be protected
I1 I1 I2

i1 i1’
i2
Biasing/Restraining i1 – i1’
element i1 + i2
Differential
element
Low Impedance Differential
contd

Characteristics

Ib=ampl(I1)+ampl(I2)+……
 Low Impedance Differential
contd

 Uses Biased Differential Principle.

 Stability for through fault achieved by
restraining quantities proportional to the
feeder current.
 Low Impedance Differential
contd

 CT wires directly to the relay

 CT mismatch (typ of the order of 1:5 ) can
be accommodated.
 More suitable for numerical integrated
protection systems as the CTs can be
shared for many functions
 Standard Practice

 400 kV
 Duplicated main protection per zone (bus)
 Two prot connected to different CT cores
 Preferably, both main protections on
different principles.
 Two out of two principle(main 1 & 2) for
tripping.
 Standard Practice
contd

 220 kV / 132 kV
 One main protection per zone (bus)

 Single CT core is switched to respective

main zone through switching relays
 Common check zone for all the buses
connected to an independent CT core other
than main protection
 Tripping based on operation of both main and

check zone
LOGIC OF MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
 Numerical Bus Bar protection
 Centralized: All functions in a centre unit
 Decentralized : Peripheral units attached to
each bay and a central unit for
scheme logic.
 Have many zones of protection in the same
relay
 Many added functions like LBB, Feeder back up
protection
 Event logging
 Disturbance recording
 Numerical Bus-Bar Protection

Central
Unit

Peripheral
Units
Centralized Bus bar Protection

Hardwires

Bus Bar
Protection
Unit Programming
Unit
 Decentralized Bus bar Protection

Hardwires

Peripheral
Units
Optical fibre
cables
Central
Unit
Programming
Unit
THANKS
.