P63x TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN I

MiCOM Px3x Series
Transformer Differential Protection
Application Guide
Issue: h
Release: 11 / 2011
Release
[Transformer Differential Protection] MiCOM Px3x Series 2
Contents
1 Introduction
Introduction 4
2 Mode of Operation and Basic Setting Instructions 5

2.1 Amplitude Matching 5
2.2 Vector Group Matching and Zero-Sequence Current Filtering 8
2.3 Tripping Characteristic 12
2.3.1 Definition of Id and IR 12
2.3.2 First Section of the Tripping Characteristic 13
2.3.3 Second Section of the Tripping Characteristic 14
2.3.4 Third Section of the Tripping Characteristic 15
2.3.5 Algorithmic Treatment of Id and IR 16
3 Setting Instructions for Special Applications 17

3.1 Unfavorable Primary Nominal Transformer Current 17
3.2 In-Zone Grounding Transformer 18
3.3 Tap-Changing Transformers 20
3.4 Autotransformers 22
3.4.1 Delta Tertiary Winding without Feeders 24
3.4.2 Neutral Grounding with Phase-Segregated CTs 25
3.4.3 CTs in Series with Delta Tertiary Winding 26
3.4.4 CTs outside Delta Tertiary Winding 27
3.5 Generators and Motors 27
3.6 Busbar protection settings 28
3.7 CT Delta Connection 29
3.8 Phase-shifting transformer protection 33
4 Instructions for Commissioning and Testing 37

4.1 Checking the Phase Angle of the Phase Currents 37
4.2 Checking the Basic Threshold Value of the Tripping Characteristic 38
4.2.1 Single-End, Three-Phase Symmetrical Infeed 38
4.2.2 Single-End, Single-Phase Infeed 38
Appendix
A Vector Groups and Transformer Configurations
P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

Symbols and Subscripts
Symbols
Symbols
I Current phasor
a Operator for phase rotation of +120°
V Voltage
ϕ Angle
S Power
k Matching factor
Subscripts
prim Primary quantity

sec Secondary quantity
rel Variable within relay
nom Nominal quantity
ref Reference quantity
max Maximum value
max-1 Second largest value
mid Mean value
min Minimum value
CT Main current transformer (set)
A, B, C Phase A, B, or C
x Dummy variable for phase A, B, or C
x+1 Dummy variable for the lagging phase in the cycle with respect to phase A, B, or C
x-1 Dummy variable for the leading phase in the cycle with respect to phase A, B, or C
amp Amplitude-matched
vec Amplitude-matched and vector-group-matched
(including zero-sequence current filtering)
zero Zero-sequence component
pos Positive-sequence component
neg Negative-sequence component
1, 2, 3 Measuring system 1, 2, or 3
y Dummy variable for measuring system 1, 2, or 3
a, b, c, d End or winding a, b, c, or d of the protected object
z Dummy variable for end or winding a, b, c, or d of the protected object
d Differential variable
R Restraining variable

1 Introduction
Protection devices in the MiCOM 30 series are described in detail in the respective operating manuals as
regards technical properties, functional characteristics, and proper handling during installation,
connection, commissioning, and operation. However, the operating manuals do not provide any
information regarding the philosophy behind each specific product or the way in which the functional
possibilities of a particular protection device can be used to handle special applications.
The present application guide is intended to close this gap. For the transformer differential protection
function group of MiCOM P63x devices, the purpose is to give the reader a better understanding of the
design of the individual function blocks and then to provide related instructions for settings,
commissioning, and testing.

2 Mode of Operation and Basic Setting Instructions

Transformer differential protection is based on the principle of comparison of measured variables, i.e.,
the instantaneous values of the phase currents of all ends are compared with one another. Both the
absolute value and the phase of the measured variables in question are included in the current
comparison.
2.1 Amplitude Matching
Before the phase currents of the individual windings or ends can be compared, they must first be
matched with respect to the absolute value transformations resulting from the rated transformation ratios
of the transformer and the main current transformer.
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
kamp,a kamp,b
I(xprim
,a
)
⇒ I(sec)
x,a ⇒ I(xrel
,a
)
⇒ Iamp,x,a Iamp,x,b ⇐ I(xrel
,b
)
⇐ I(sec)
x,b ⇐ I(xprim
,b
)
The goal of amplitude matching is that in fault-free operation under idealized conditions the
corresponding phase currents of the individual ends will be scaled so that they are equivalent in absolute
value. Phase currents that have been matched so as to be equal in absolute value are referred to as
amplitude-matched phase currents:
Iamp,x,a = Iamp,x,b
Scaling to produce identical absolute values is achieved by means of one amplitude-matching factor kamp
for each end:
k amp,a ⋅ I(xrel ) (rel)

,a = k amp,b ⋅ I x,b
The phase current in the relays can be expressed as primary phase current for each end by means of the
individual rated transformation ratios, i.e., via the nominal current of the relay and the secondary and
primary nominal current of the main current transformer:

k amp,a ⋅ I(xrel ) ( rel)

,a = k amp,b ⋅ Ix,b
I(sec)
x,a I(sec)
x,b
k amp,a ⋅ = k amp,b ⋅
Inom,rel,a Inom,rel,b
I(xprim
,a
)
I(xprim
,b
)
I(nom
prim )
,CT,a I(nom
prim )
,CT,b
⋅ Inom,rel,a ⋅ Inom,rel,b
I(sec)
nom,CT,a I(sec)
nom,CT,b
Under the condition that for each end the nominal current of the relay and the secondary nominal current
of the main current transformer agree, we obtain:
I(xprim
,a
)
I(xprim
,b
)
I(nom
prim )
,CT,a I(nom
prim )
,CT,b
The ratio of the primary currents is obtained from the ratio of the nominal transformer voltages as
follows:
I(xprim
,a
)
k amp,b ⋅ I(nom
prim )
,CT,a
(prim )
Vnom ,b
= =
I(xprim
,b
)
k amp,a ⋅ I(nom
prim )
,CT,b
(prim )
Vnom ,a
As one can see, the equation does not determine the absolute values of the individual amplitude-
matching factors but rather the ratio of these factors:
(prim ) (prim )
k amp,a Vnom ,a ⋅ Inom,CT,a
= ( prim ) ( prim )
,b ⋅ Inom,CT,b
k amp,b Vnom
The absolute value of the amplitude-matching factors in each case is now defined advantageously so
that matching results in scaling to the nominal transformer currents. This is done by introducing
reference power Sref as a common reference quantity for all ends:
I(nom
prim ) I(nom
prim )
,CT,a
,CT,a
1 S(ref
prim ) I(nom
prim )
,CT,a
( prim ) ( prim )
k amp,a Vnom ,a ⋅ Inom,CT,a
(prim )
Vnom ,a
(prim )
3 ⋅ Vnom ,a I(ref
prim )
,a
= (prim ) (prim )
= = =
k amp,b Vnom ,b ⋅ Inom,CT,b I(nom
prim )
,CT,b I(nom
prim )
,CT,b I(nom
prim )
,CT,b
1 S(ref
prim )
I(ref
prim )
,b
(prim )
Vnom ,b
(prim )
3 ⋅ Vnom ,b
Scaling to the nominal transformer currents is thus only possible in cases in which the nominal powers of
the individual windings of all ends are equal and can thus be set to be the common reference power Sref.
In three-winding transformers, the nominal powers of the individual windings generally differ. In such
cases it is recommended that the nominal power of the highest-power winding be set as the reference
power Sref.

In each case, a common reference power Sref must be set for all ends. The amplitude-matching factors
are obtained in each case as follows:
( prim ) (prim )
Inom ,CT,z Inom ,CT,z
k amp,z = =
I(ref
prim )
,z S (ref
prim )
( prim )
3 ⋅ Vnom ,z
The amplitude-matched phase currents are formed by scalar multiplication, whereby the individual phase
currents are multiplied by the corresponding amplitude-matching factor:
(prim ) (prim )
Inom ,CT,z Inom ,CT,z
Iamp,x,z = k amp,z ⋅ Ix,z = ⋅ Ix,z = ⋅ Ix,z
I(ref
prim )
,z S (ref
prim )
( prim )
3 ⋅ Vnom ,z
Setting the amplitude-matching function is very simple and does not require any calculations. Only the
following primary nominal values need to be set:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
I(nom
prim )
,CT,a
(prim )
Vnom ,a
(prim )
Vnom ,b
(prim )
Inom ,CT,b
S (ref
prim )
= S (nom
prim )
,max
The amplitude-matching factors are calculated automatically by the protection device. The device also
checks automatically to see whether the resulting amplitude-matching factors kamp,z are within the limits
specified by requirements of numerical processing:
• None of the amplitude-matching factors kamp,z must exceed a value of 16:

k amp,z ≤ 16
• The second-largest amplitude-matching factor kamp,max-1 must not fall below a value of 0.5:
k amp,max −1 ≥ 0.5
Note:
For the devices P631/632/633/634 the following harder restrictions are valid for SW versions -601 and
-602:
k amp,max
k amp,z ≤ 5 ≤3 k amp,max −1 ≥ 0.7
k amp,max −1

2.2 Vector Group Matching and Zero-

Zero-Sequence Current Filtering
Since the phase of the measured variables is also included in the current comparison, the phase
relations of the amplitude-matched phase currents of the ends in question must also be matched in
accordance with the respective vector group. Basically, this matching operation can be carried out
regardless of the phase winding connections, since the phase relation is described unambiguously by
the characteristic vector group number.
Vector group matching is therefore performed solely by mathematical phasor operations on the
amplitude-matched phase currents of the low-voltage side in accordance with the characteristic vector
group number. This is shown in the following figure for vector group characteristic number 5, where
vector group Yd5 is used as the example:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
- Iamp,A,b
Iamp,C,b - Iamp,A,b
Iamp,C,b
Iamp,A,a 1/√3·(Iamp,C,b - Iamp,A,b )
Iamp,B,b
5·30°
Iamp,C,a Iamp,B,a
Iamp,A,b
No operation is carried out on the high-voltage side in connection with vector group matching. However,
one should note that the phase windings are connected in a wye configuration, the neutral of which is
operationally grounded. In the event of system faults to ground, the circuit for the zero-sequence
component of the fault current would close via the grounded neutral that lies within the transformer
differential protection zone and would thus appear in the measuring systems as differential current. The
consequence would be undesirable tripping.

For this reason the zero-sequence component of the three-phase system must be eliminated from the
phase currents on the high-voltage side. In accordance with its definition, the zero-sequence current is
determined as follows from the amplitude-matched phase currents:
Iamp,zero,z =
1
⋅I ( +I +I
3 amp,A,z amp,B,z amp,C,z
)
On the low-voltage side, the zero-sequence current in the example shown above is automatically filtered
out based on the mathematical phasor operations. This is not always necessary and also not always
desired, but is basically the result of any subtraction of two phase current phasors:
Iamp,A,z = Iamp,zero,z + Iamp,pos,z + Iamp,neg,z

2
Iamp,B,z = Iamp,zero,z + a ⋅ Iamp,pos,z + a ⋅ Iamp,neg,z
2
Iamp,C,z = Iamp,zero,z + a ⋅ Iamp,pos,z + a ⋅ Iamp,neg,z
( )
Iamp,A,z − Iamp,B,z = 1 − a ⋅ Iamp,pos,z + (1 − a ) ⋅ Iamp,neg,z
2
= (a − a )⋅ I ( )
2 2
Iamp,B,z − Iamp,C,z amp,pos,z + a − a ⋅ Iamp,neg,z
(
Iamp,C,z − Iamp,A,z = (a − 1) ⋅ Iamp,pos,z + a − 1 ⋅ Iamp,neg,z
2
)
The following tables show that for all odd-numbered vector group characteristics the zero-sequence
current on the low-voltage side is basically always filtered out, whereas for even-numbered vector group
characteristics the zero-sequence current on the low-voltage side is basically never filtered out
automatically. The latter is also true for the high-voltage side since in that case, as explained above, no
mathematical phasor operations are performed.
Vector group matching and zero-sequence current filtering must therefore always be viewed in
combination. The following tables list all the mathematical phasor operations.
Mathematical operations on the high-voltage side:
With Izero filtering Without Izero filtering

Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec, y,z = Iamp, x,z

Mathematical operations on the low-voltage side for an even-numbered vector group characteristic:
VG With Izero filtering Without Izero filtering
0 Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec, y,z = Iamp, x,z
2 (
Ivec,y,z = − Iamp,x +1,z − Iamp,zero,z ) Ivec,y,z = −Iamp,x +1,z
4 Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x −1,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x −1,z
6 (
Ivec,y,z = − Iamp,x,z − Iamp,zero,z ) Ivec,y,z = −Iamp,x,z
8 Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x +1,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x +1,z
10 (
Ivec,y,z = − Iamp,x −1,z − Iamp,zero,z ) Ivec,y,z = −Iamp,x −1,z
Mathematical operations on the low-voltage side for an odd-numbered vector group characteristic:
VG With Izero filtering Without Izero filtering
1 Ivec,y,z =
1
(
⋅ Iamp,x,z − Iamp,x +1,z ) Ivec,y,z =
1
( )
⋅ Iamp,x,z − Iamp,x +1,z + Iamp,zero,z
3 3
3 Ivec,y,z =
1
(
⋅ Iamp,x −1,z − Iamp,x +1,z ) Ivec, y, z =
1
( )
⋅ Iamp, x −1, z − Iamp, x +1, z + Iamp, zero, z
3 3
5 Ivec,y,z =
1
(
⋅ Iamp,x −1,z − Iamp,x,z ) Ivec, y, z =
1
( )
⋅ Iamp, x −1,z − Iamp, x, z + Iamp, zero, z
3 3
7 Ivec,y,z =
1
(
⋅ Iamp,x +1,z − Iamp,x,z ) Ivec, y, z =
1
( )
⋅ Iamp, x +1, z − Iamp, x, z + Iamp, zero, z
3 3
9 Ivec,y,z =
1
(
⋅ Iamp,x +1,z − Iamp,x −1,z ) Ivec, y, z =
1
( )
⋅ Iamp, x +1, z − Iamp, x −1, z + Iamp, zero, z
3 3
11 Ivec,y,z =
1
(
⋅ Iamp,x,z − Iamp,x −1,z ) Ivec,y,z =
1
( )
⋅ Iamp,x,z − Iamp,x −1,z + Iamp,zero,z
3 3
Note:
For the devices P631/632/633/634 the addition of zero-sequence current in case of odd numbered
vector groups (column ‚Without Izero filtering’) are not implemented for SW versions -601 and -602.

Setting the vector group matching function is very simple and does not require any calculations. Only the
characteristic vector group number needs to be set:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11
Setting the zero-sequence current filtering function is very simple and does not require any calculations.
Zero-sequence current filtering should only be activated for those ends where there is operational
grounding of a neutral point:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
with I0 filtering without I0 filtering

2.3 Tripping Characteristic
After the currents of the individual ends have been matched, the transformer being protected can be
viewed as a current node as defined by the first Kirchhoff law. According to this law, the sum of the
current phasors of all ends is equal to zero in fault-free operation under idealized conditions. Only an
internal fault in the protection zone of differential protection will generate a phasor sum of end currents
that differs from zero, namely the differential current Id. The magnitude of the differential current Id can
therefore be used as the criterion for detecting an internal fault.
In practice, however, differential currents even occur in fault-free operation and can be attributed
essentially to the following influencing factors:
• Magnetizing transformer current, which flows only from the infeed end and therefore appears as
differential current
• Current-dependent transformation errors of the participating current transformer sets, which also
result in a differential current
Whereas the magnetizing current is determined by the level of the system voltage and can therefore be
viewed as constant, irrespective of load level, the transformation errors of the participating current
transformer sets are a function of the respective current level. The threshold value of a transformer
differential protection device is therefore not implemented as a constant differential current threshold but
is formed as a function of the restraining current IR. The restraining current corresponds to the current
level in the transformer being protected. The function Id = f(IR) is represented as the tripping
characteristic in the Id-IR plane.
2.3.1 Definition of Id and IR
According to the first Kirchhoff law, the differential current Id is always defined as the phasor sum of the
end currents:
Id, y = Ivec, y,a + Ivec, y,b + Ivec, y,c + K
The restraining current IR represents the through-current of the transformer being protected, and for two-
winding differential protection it is defined as the phasor difference, as follows:
1
IR, y = ⋅ Ivec, y,a − Ivec, y,b
2
When the infeed to an internal fault from both ends is exactly equal as regards amplitude and angle, then
both currents cancel one another out, i.e., the restraining current becomes zero and the restraining effect
disappears. Disappearance of the restraining effect when there is an internal fault is a desirable result
since in this case transformer differential protection attains maximum sensitivity.
In the case of transformer differential protection for more than two ends, we must work with a different
definition of restraining current IR since the phasor difference between more than two variables is not
defined:
1
( )
IR, y = ⋅ Ivec, y,a + Ivec, y,b + Ivec, y,c + K
2
In this case the restraining effect never disappears when there is an internal fault; the restraining effect is
even reinforced in the case of multi-end infeed. However, the restraining current factor ½ means that the
differential current Id has twice the value of the restraining current IR so that safe and reliable tripping is
also guaranteed in the case of multi-end infeed.

2.3.2 First Section of the Tripping Characteristic
The first section represents the most sensitive region of the tripping characteristic in the form of the
settable basic threshold value Id>. The default setting of 0.2 takes into account the magnetizing current
of the transformer, which flows even in a no-load condition and is generally less than 5% of the nominal
transformer current.
The first section of the tripping curve runs horizontally until it reaches the load line for single-end infeed.
This is advantageous for commissioning and testing. In the case of single-end infeed, the desired
characteristic value is always identical to the set basic threshold value Id> so that in this regard no
special calculation of the characteristic threshold value is necessary.
Id/Iref Load line

for single-end infeed
1
First section of
tripping characteristic Magnetizing current
characteristic
Id>
0 1 2 3 4 IR/Iref
The line of the first section of the tripping curve corresponds to the horizontal line of differential current,
given the basic threshold value Id>. The characteristic equation for the first section of the tripping
characteristic is as follows:
( )
Id,y IR,y = Id >
The intersection of the first section of the tripping curve with the load line occurs at a restraining
current IR,m1, which is a function of the setting of the basic threshold value Id>:
IR,m1 = 0.5 ⋅ Id >

2.3.3 Second Section of the Tripping Characteristic
The second section of the tripping curve covers the load current range, so that in this section we must
reckon not only with the transformer magnetizing current, which appears as differential current, but also
with differential currents that can be attributed to the transformation errors of the current transformer
sets.
If we calculate the "worst case" with Class 10P current transformers, then the maximum allowable
amplitude error according to DIN EN 60044-1 is 3 % for nominal current. The phase-angle error can be
assumed to be 2° for nominal current. The maximum allowable total error for nominal current is then
obtained, in approximation, as (0.0-3 + sin 2°) ≈ 6.5 %. If the current is increased to the nominal accuracy
limit current, then the total error for Class 10P current transformers can be 10 % maximum. Beyond the
nominal accuracy limit current, the transformation error can be of any magnitude.
The dependence of the total error of a current transformer on current is therefore non-linear. In the
operating current range, i.e., in the current range below the nominal accuracy limit current, we can
expect a "worst case" total error of approximately 10 % per current transformer set.
The second section of the tripping characteristic forms a straight line, the slope of which should
correspond to the cumulative total error of the participating current transformer sets. The curve slope m1
can be set. The default setting for m1 is defined as 0.3 with respect to protection of three-winding
transformers.
Id/Iref Load line

2
Second section of
tripping characteristic
First knee point of
1 m1 Transformation error
characteristics
for two or three
current transformer sets
Id>
0 1 2 3 4 IR/Iref
The line of the second section of the tripping characteristic runs through the intersection of the load line
for single-end infeed with the line of the first section of the tripping characteristic. The characteristic
equation for the second section of the tripping characteristic is as follows:

( )
Id,y IR,y = m1 ⋅ IR,y + Id > ⋅(1 − 0,5 ⋅ m1 )
A parallel shift of the first section of the tripping curve resulting from a change in the basic threshold
value Id> also brings about a parallel shift of the second section of the tripping curve.
2.3.4 Third Section of the Tripping Characteristic
The second knee point of the tripping characteristic determines the end of the overcurrent zone in the
direction of increasing restraining current in fault-free operation. It can be as high as four times the
nominal current in certain operating cases – such as when a parallel transformer has failed.
Therefore, the second knee point can be set (IR,m2) for a default setting of 4·Iref. IR,m2 must be set in
accordance with the maximum possible operating current.
Id/Iref Load line

Third section of
2
Second knee point of m2
1 m1
Id>
0 1 2 3 4 IR/Iref
IR,m2

Restraining currents that go beyond the set knee point are then evaluated as continuous fault currents.
For truely continuous fault currents, the third section of the tripping characteristic could therefore be
given an infinitely large slope. Since, however, we also need to take into account the possibility that a
fault can occur in the transformer differential protection zone as the result of the system fault, a finite
slope m2 is provided for the third section of the tripping curve. The default setting for m2 is 0.7.
The line of the third section of the tripping characteristic runs through the intersection of the vertical
restraining current line at IR,m2 with the line for the second section of the tripping characteristic. The
characteristic equation for the third section of the tripping characteristic is as follows:
( )
Id, y IR, y = m2 ⋅ IR, y + Id > ⋅(1 − 0,5 ⋅ m1 ) + IR,m2 ⋅ (m1 − m2 )
A parallel shift of the first section of the tripping characteristic resulting from a change in the basic
threshold value Id> also brings about a parallel shift of the third section of the tripping characteristic.
2.3.5 Algorithmic Treatment of Id and IR
For evaluating differential current Id and restraining current IR in the Id-IR plane, the instantaneous values
of the rectified quantities are not used since they do not guarantee stable tripping under all conditions.
Differential current Id and restraining current IR therefore undergo numerical smoothing. One purpose of
this smoothing is to provide the lowest possible residual ripple; it should also be characterized by the
shortest possible settling time (transient recovery time). Since the two requirements are contradictory in
nature, a balance must be struck between the two. Double smoothing of differential current Id and
restraining current IR is achieved as the result of complicated algorithmic analysis.
The rectified differential current Id and the rectified restraining current IR first undergo half-period, non-
recursive smoothing, which has a very fast settling time. The starting quantities for this first smoothing
operation are referred to as singly smoothed quantities.
In a subsequent second smoothing operation, the singly smoothed quantities undergo an additional
recursive smoothing process. The starting quantities for this second smoothing operation are referred to
as doubly smoothed quantities.

3 Setting Instructions for Special Applications

3.1 Unfavorable
Unfavorable Primary Nominal Transformer Current
Amplitude Matching
In rare cases, there may be the problem that one of the conditions for the amplitude matching factors is
no longer satisfied. The following example (based on P632-601) shows one such case:
Winding a Winding b
1000 / 1 A
400 / 1 A 52.5 kV Dy7 10.5 kV

36 MVA
1000 / 1 A
Sref,prim = 36 MVA
Iref,prim,a = 396 A Iref,prim,b = 1979 A
kamp,a = 1.010 kamp,a / kamp,b = 2 kamp,b = 0.505
Sref,prim = 25 MVA
Iref,prim,a = 275 A Iref,prim,b = 1375 A

kamp,a = 1.455 kamp,a / kamp,b = 2 kamp,b = 0.727
If one selects the nominal power Snom of the transformer as the reference power Sref , as is
recommended, then the condition kamp ≥ 0.7 is not satisfied on the low-voltage side. This is due to the
unusually large difference between the primary nominal current of the main current transformer set,
which is only 1000 A, and the nominal and reference current of the transformer low-voltage winding,
which is 1979 A.
One solution is to vary the reference power. The ratio of the amplitude matching factor calculated above
to the minimum required amplitude matching factor is 0.505 / 0.7 = 0.72. If we reduce the reference
power that was set above by at least this factor to 0.72⋅36 MVA = 25.9 MVA ≈ 25 MVA, then amplitude
matching is possible without any problem.
Tripping Characteristic
One should note, however, that due to amplitude matching, which differs from the nominal transformer
quantities, the phase currents are rated more highly by a factor of 1.455 / 1.010 = 1.44. For this reason,
the basic threshold value Id> of the tripping characteristic should be increased by the same factor to
1.44⋅0.2 = 0.288 ≈ 0.3.

3.2 In-
In-Zone Grounding Transformer
Vector Group Matching and Zero-

If there is a grounding transformer on one end of the transformer within the zone of protection, then
zero-sequence current filtering must always be activated on this end. This applies even if the phase
windings on the grounding transformer end are delta-connected.
Basically, zero-sequence current filtering must always be enabled if there is operational neutral
grounding in the zone of protection on the end in question.
The following diagram shows the current distribution for such a configuration in the event of an external
single-phase-to-ground fault:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
On the high-voltage side, zero-sequence current filtering remains deactivated because the neutral point
is not grounded, so that no current phasor operation is necessary for forming the vector-group-matched
current variables.
Worthy of note on the low-voltage side are both zero-sequence current filtering and vector group
matching for the characteristic vector group number 5, in connection with the fact that the phase
currents of the low-voltage side must be set to be a factor of √3 smaller than the phase currents of the
high-voltage side. This means that for the phase C measuring system the matched currents of both sides
are zero and that for the phase A and B measuring systems the matched currents of the two sides
cancel one another out.

In the case of an internal single-phase fault, on the other hand, transformer differential protection will be
tripped. The following diagram shows the corresponding current distribution in the case of single-end
infeed of the fault from the high-voltage side:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
In the case of single-end infeed of the fault from the high-voltage side, the current transformer set on the
low-voltage side remains at zero current. When the phase currents on the high-voltage side in Phases A
and B are of sufficient intensity, they lead to tripping of transformer differential protection.

3.3 Tap-
Tap-Changing Transformers
Amplitude Matching
The infeed transformer is equipped with a tap changer on its high-voltage end for regulating the voltage
of the input system. The rated transformation ratio of the transformer is changed by adjusting the tap
changer, i.e., the nominal voltage on the high-voltage side and also the corresponding nominal current
on the high-voltage side are not constant but are determined by a range which corresponds to the range
of adjustment of the tap changer.
Ix,a Winding a Winding b

Ix,b
C
C
B
B
A
A
(prim ) ( prim ) (prim )

Vnom ,a,min K Vnom,a,max Vnom,b
I(nom
prim ) (prim )
,a,max K Inom,a,min I(nom
prim )
,b
Amplitude matching can therefore only occur for a mean nominal voltage on the high-voltage side that
still needs to be defined. Depending on the actual tap-change position, there appears a differential
current Id that is more or less large and increases linearly with the restraining current IR. An adjustment of
the tap changer brings about a change in the slope of this tap changer characteristic.
Id/Iref
m2
1 m1 Tap changer characteristic

at a given tap position
Id>
0 1 2 3 4 Id/Iref
IR,m2

With regard to the tripping characteristic of differential protection, amplitude matching must be carried
out by selecting a suitable mean value for the nominal voltage on the high-voltage side such that the
slope of the tap changer curve is identical for the two outermost tapping positions:
Ivec,y,a,max + Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,a,min + Ivec,y,b

=
1 1
⋅I −I ⋅I −I
2 vec,y,a,max vec,y,b 2 vec,y,a,min vec,y,b
For a load flow from the high-voltage side a in the direction of the low-voltage side b, Ivec,y,a = Ivec,y,a and
Ivec,y,b = -Ivec,y,b:
Ivec,y,a,max − Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,a,min − Ivec,y,b

=
1 1
⋅ Ivec,y,a,max + Ivec,y,b ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min + Ivec,y,b
2 2
Furthermore, Ivec,y,a,max > Ivec,y,b and Ivec,y,a,min < Ivec,y,b:
Ivec,y,a,max − Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,b − Ivec,y,a,min

=
Ivec,y,a,max + Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,a,min + Ivec,y,b
With the desired mean value Ivec,y,a,mid = Ivec,y,b, amplitude matching is complete:
Ivec,y,a,max − Ivec,y,a,mid Ivec,y,a,mid − Ivec,y,a,min

=
Ivec,y,a,max + Ivec,y,a,mid Ivec,y,a,min + Ivec,y,a,mid
Ivec,y,a,max ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min + Ivec,y,a,max ⋅ Ivec,y,a,mid − Ivec,y,a,mid ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min − I2vec,y,a,mid =

= Ivec,y,a,max ⋅ Ivec,y,a,mid − Ivec,y,a,max ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min − Ivec,y,a,mid ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min + I2vec,y,a,mid
2 ⋅ I2vec,y,a,mid = 2 ⋅ Ivec,y,a,max ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min
Ivec,y,a,mid = Ivec,y,a,max ⋅ Ivec,y,a,min
For amplitude matching, therefore, the geometric mean of the minimum and maximum nominal voltage
must be set on the high-voltage side:
(prim ) ( prim ) (prim )

Vnom ,a,mid = Vnom,a,min ⋅ Vnom,a,max
Slope m1 of the second section of the tripping characteristic must be increased in accordance with the
slope of the tap changer characteristic for the outermost tapping position, i.e., the setting for m1 must
be increased by the following value:
(prim ) (prim ) (prim ) ( prim )

Inom ,a,max − Inom,a,mid Inom ,a,mid − Inom,a,min
or
2
(
1 (prim ) (prim )
⋅ Inom,a,max + Inom ,a,mid ) 2
(
1 (prim ) (prim )
⋅ Inom,a,min + Inom ,a,mid )

3.4 Autotransformers
Autotransformers are designed as three-phase units or consist of a group of three single-phase units.
They are used for interconnection of solidly grounded EHV and HV networks if the rated voltages of both
networks don’t differ by more than factor 2 to 3. Material and weight as well as losses can be saved by
autotransformers compared with separate-winding transformers.
Autotransformers with star connection of primary and secondary winding (serial and common winding)
are usually equipped with a delta stabilizing winding (tertiary winding) rated about one third of the
throughput rating.
C C
B B
A A
Serial
winding
Common
winding
Tertiary
winding
Delta
connection
Shunt reactors or capacitors for power factor correction can be connected to such a tertiary winding. A
booster transformer consisting of energizing and regulating winding for voltage adjustment by in-phase
or phase-angle regulation can be accommodated in the same tank.

C C
B B
A A
Serial
Energizing
winding
winding
Common Regulating
winding winding
-60°/0°/+60°
phase-angle
Delta
Tertiary
connection
winding
C
B
A
Depending on the application various possibilities with different features can be used for differential
protection of autotransformers:
Delta tertiary Neutral grounding CTs in series CTs outside delta

winding without with phase- with delta tertiary tertiary winding
feeders segregated CTs winding
Differential protection Two-end Three-end Three-end Three-end
Amplitude matching Vnom,a ≠ Vnom,b Vnom,a = Vnom,b √3·Vnom,c Vnom,c

= Vnom,c
Vector group matching VGa-b = 0 VGa-b = 0 VGa-b = 0 VGa-b = 0

VGa-c = 0 VGa-c = 0 VGa-c = odd
Zero sequence current filt. With Without Without With
Inrush stabilization With Without With With

Phase-segregation No Yes Yes No
Affected by voltage Yes No No Yes
adjustment
Sensitivity for ground faults Low High High Low
Protection against turn-to- Yes No Yes Yes
turn faults
Protection of the delta No No Yes Yes
tertiary winding
Each individual application is discussed below.

3.4.1 Delta Tertiary

Tertiary Winding without Feeders
A two-end differential protection may be applied in any case if the tertiary winding is used as delta
stabilizing winding only i.e. if there is no additional feeding from the tertiary winding:
C C
B B
A A
Id/I
The setting of the differential protection corresponds to the setting of a separate-winding transformer
with neutral grounding at both ends.

3.4.2 Neutral Grounding with Phase-

Phase-Segregated CTs
In case of neutral grounding with phase-segregated CTs it’s the ideal solution to apply a three-end
differential protection. The protected zone corresponds to a galvanic connected electrical node.
Amplitude Matching
Because of the galvanic connected electrical node the primary nominal voltages of all three ends have to
be set to the same value (primary nominal voltage of the serial or of the common winding).
Vector Group Matching
Because of the galvanic connected electrical node both vector group numbers have to be set to ‘0’.
Zero-
Because of the inclusion of the neutral-to-ground current zero-sequence current filtering may be
disabled for all three ends.
Inrush Stabilization
Because of the galvanic connected electrical node there is no transformer coupling and therefore inrush
stabilization may be disabled.
C C
B B
A A
Id/I
The differential protection described above operates strictly phase-segregated particularly due to the
fact that inrush stabilization is not required. Sensitivity for ground fault detection is high. However turn-
to-turn faults and faults on the tertiary winding cannot be detected on principle.

3.4.3 CTs in Series with Delta Tertiary Winding
If the corresponding current through the tertiary winding is measured instead of the neutral-to-ground
current per phase a transformer coupling will be given.
Amplitude Matching
Because of transformer coupling amplitude matching has to be based on the individual primary nominal
voltages of the ends. Considering that the CTs of the third end are located in series with the delta tertiary
winding √3 times of the corresponding primary nominal voltage has to be used for amplitude matching
calculation.
Vector Group Matching
Because of the limb related measuring systems both vector group numbers have to be set to ‘0’.
Zero-
Because of the inclusion of the neutral-to-ground current via measuring the current through the
transformer coupled tertiary winding zero-sequence current filtering may be disabled for all three ends.
Because of the transformer coupling within the protected zone inrush stabilization has to be enabled.
C C
B B
A A
Id/I
C
B
A
The differential protection described above provides the same degree of ground fault sensitivity in
comparison to the differential protection according to chapter 3.4.2 . Furthermore turn-to-turn faults can
be detected on principle due to transformer coupling of the measured currents and the tertiary winding is
included in the protected zone. Ground faults on the regulating winding will be detected too whereas the
differential measuring systems are not affected by voltage adjustment. Only the requirement of inrush
stabilization is unfavorable.

3.4.4 CTs outside Delta Tertiary Winding
If the CTs of the tertiary winding are not located in series but outside the delta winding a three-end
differential protection may be applied likewise. This differential protection offers the largest protection
zone in comparison to all the applications described above. However the requirement of zero-sequence
current filtering leads to reduced ground fault sensitivity. The setting of the differential protection
corresponds to the setting of a separate-winding transformer. The differential measuring systems are
affected by in-phase or phase-angle regulation.
C C
B B
A A
Id>
C
B
A
This overall differential protection is affected by voltage adjustment. This has to be taken into
consideration for the setting of the tripping characteristic according to chapter 3.3.
3.5 Generators and Motors
In case of generators and motors there is no transformer coupling between both ends but a galvanic
connection. Therefore inrush stabilization may be disabled.

3.6 Busbar protection settings
The reference power setting is set based on the CT primary rating and the system voltage. Inom is then
equal to P63x reference current, Iref.
The minimum differential current pickup setting, Id>, is set above maximum load current to prevent
maloperation of the scheme if CT secondary wiring becomes open circuited, presenting the relay with a
differential current equivalent to load. In the settings shown on the characteristic below, Id> has been set
to 1.2 times the nominal current.
If there is the possibility for resistive busbar faults to occur, e.g. in GIS chambers, then the Id> setting
needs to be set less than load current. As bus zone protection is generally the most critical area where
disconnection of a CT could cause problems, e.g. tripping a whole bus zone in error, the application of
CT supervision is recommended to prevent maloperation of the biased differential protection when there
is an open circuited CT secondary. The CTS feature can be used for de-sensitizing or blocking of the
biased differential protection. De-sensitization is achieved by raising the differential current pickup
setting to the value of “Id> (CTS)”.
The high-set unrestrained operation threshold Id>>> usually could not be applied and has to be set to
‘blocked’, because there is no fault current limitation by a transformer reactance or similar.

3.7 CT Delta Connection
Vector Matching
Power transformer Yd1 with CT delta -30° connection on side a:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
-1·30° Yd1
Setting for Vector Group ID: 1+(-1)=0
Power transformer Yd5 with CT delta +30° connection on side a:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
+1·30° Yd5
Setting for Vector Group ID: 5+(+1)=6

Power transformer Yd7 with CT delta -30° connection on side a:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
-1·30° Yd7
Setting for Vector Group ID: 7+(-1)=6
Power transformer Yd11 with CT delta +30° connection on side a:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
+1·30° Yd11
Setting for Vector Group ID: 11+(+1)=12→ 0

Power transformer Dy1 with CT delta +30° connection on side b:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
Dy1 +1·30°
Setting for Vector Group ID: 1-(+1)=0
Power transformer Dy5 with CT delta -30° connection on side b:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
Dy5 -1·30°
Setting for Vector Group ID: 5-(-1)=6

Power transformer Dy7 with CT delta +30° connection on side b:
Winding a Winding b
C C
B B
A A
Dy7 +1·30°
Setting for Vector Group ID: 7-(+1)=6
Power transformer Dy11 with CT delta -30° connection on side b:
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
Dy11 -1·30°
Setting for Vector Group ID: 11-(-1)=12→ 0

3.8 Phase-
Phase-shifting transformer protection
Phase-shifting transformers are used to control power flow in electrical networks by shifting the
secondary side voltage within certain ranges, e.g. +/- 15°. This could be done by adding a variable
voltage component on the secondary side, which results from either a leading or lagging phase of the
three-phase system. The figure below shows such arrangement. The position of the reversing switch
determines the direction of the phase shift.
A
B A
C A
UA,prim
UA,prim UA,prim
UA2,sec
UA2,sec
in-phase
regulator UA1,sec UA1,sec
UA,sec UA,sec
A
B
C
UA1,sec
reversing switch
in position (+)
C B C B
60° phase shift UA2,sec
regulator
reversing switch reversing switch
in position (+) in position (-)
Transformer secondary side voltage is Transformer secondary side voltage is

turned anti-clockwise turned clockwise
Although this is basically a 2-winding transformer (with internal delta tertiary: Ynyn0d1), a standard 2-
winding differential protection (like P631 or P632) is not appropriate. It would falsely trip for external
unsymmetrical faults, as sketched for a phase-phase faults in the next figure.
A
B
C
P631
Ring Pin Current measuring
X031 X032 inputs
1 1 IA,a T11 End a: Measuring system 1:
2 2
3 3 IB,a T12 019.020 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end a = per CT
4 4 010.024 MAIN Inom device, end a = per CT Idiff ~ 0
5 5 IC,a T13
010.140 MAIN Conn.meas.circ. IP,a = Standard
6 6
019.017 MAIN Vnom prim. end a PS1 = Uprim
IR ~ 6
CA fault
A Measuring system 2:
B
C Idiff ~ 1
IR ~ 1
3N
turns X042
End b:
7 1 IA,b T21 019.021 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end b = per CT Measuring system 3:
8 2 010.025 MAIN Inom device, end b = per CT
9 3 IB,b T22
010.150 MAIN Conn.meas.circ. IP,b = Standard
10 4
019.018 MAIN Vnom prim. end b PS1 = Usec
Idiff ~ 1
11 5 IC,b T23
12 6
019.010 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-b PS1 = 0 IR ~ 5
N turns

The short-circuit current is flowing through all 3 secondary windings of the phase-shifting transformer. In
this example a turn number of N is assumet to be in operation from the 60° phase-shifting transformer,
while the main secondary winding should have 3 N windings. According to the magnetisation rules, an
equivalent number of Ampere-turns have to be present in the primary winding. This results in the 3
phase currents sketched. The bold red arrows symbolize equal quantity of current in the secondary
winding of the transformer, while the bold blue arrows symbolize equal quantity of current in the primary
winding; the amplitude of both is of course different.
Now the difficulty arises from the fact, that the 3 primary winding currents are fully seen by the protection
through its CT inputs, while the secondary winding currents are not. This results in the sketched 3
conditions of the differential measuring systems. In this sketch, the small red and blue current arrows in
the CT secondary circuits represent the same current amplitude, as the device takes care for amplitude
matching. Vector group matching is not applied, as the basic transformer vector group is 0.
While the measuring systems 1 and 3 are stable, measuring system 2 has only primary side current, but
no secondary side current. As this is a single-end feeding condition, this measuring system will trip, as
soon as the current reaches the first threshold Idiff>. When this happens depends on the absolute short-
circuit current (i.e. fault location, feeding source impedance, …) and on the tap position of the 60°
phase-shifting regulator (no problem, if its winding is bypassed by the tap changer).
To solve such issue, it is mandatory to provide a stabilisation to the measuring system 2 (or in more
general to the measuring system that is not affected by the fault). This could be done as sketched below
by feeding the secondary side current into a further end of the differential protection.
A
B
C
P634
X031 X032 inputs
2 2
5 5 IC,a T13
6 6
IR ~ 3
CA fault
B
C Idiff ~ 0
IR ~ 1
3N
turns X051 X052
1
2
1
2
IA,b T21 End b: Measuring system 3:
3 3 IB,b T22 019.021 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end b = per CT
4 4 010.025 MAIN Inom device, end b = per CT Idiff ~ 0
5 5 IC,b T23
6 6
IR ~ 2
N turns 019.010 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-b PS1 = 0
X071 X072
1
2
1
2
IA,c T31 End c:
3 3 IB,c T32 019.022 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end c = as end b
4 4 010.029 MAIN Inom device, end c = as end b
5 5 IC,c T33
6 6
010.160 MAIN Conn.meas.circ. IP,c = Standard
019.019 MAIN Vnom prim. end c PS1 = Usec / 3
019.011 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-c PS1 = 0
Alternative Connection:
X071 X072
1
2
1
2
IA,c T31 End c:
5 5 IC,c T33
6 6
In order to scale the current to an appropriate value, the nominal voltage of this end is set to a portion of
the secondary side nominal voltage of the transformer. The ratio is equal to the winding turns of the 60°
phase shift regulator and the main secondary wiring. For the given example it is 1/3.
As could be seen, the connection of this additional end is done with same phase-transposition as the
reversing switch on the primary transformer. This could alternatively be managed by a straight
connection and setting appropriate vector group for end c. This simplifies wiring considerably.

The proposed stabilisation is exactly valid only for the case, where the tap position of the 60° phase shift
regulator is at the position considered when determining the nominal voltage of end c.
At its extreme positions (minimum or maximum phase shift position), the stabilisation is not perfect, and
the relay will measure differential currents again. Worst case is the tap position where phase shifting is
0°, because then the 60° phase shift regulator is fully bypassed, while the proposed solution introduces
a current into measuring system 2.
A
B
C
P634
X031 X032 inputs
2 2
5 5 IC,a T13
6 6
IR ~ 3
CA fault
B
C Idiff ~ 1
IR ~ 0.5
3N
turns X051 X052
1
2
1
2
4
5
4
5 IC,b T23
010.025 MAIN Inom device, end b = per CT Idiff ~ 1
6 6
IR ~ 3.5
0 turns 019.010 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-b PS1 = 0
X071 X072
1
2
1
2
IA,c T31 End c:
3 3 IB,c T32 019.022 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end c = per CT
4 4 010.029 MAIN Inom device, end c = per CT
5 5 IC,c T33
6 6
At maximum phase shift position the measuring condition is less problematic. Both measuring systems 2
and 3 are not fully balanced, but will measure only a moderate differential current. In order to prevent
false trip, a further stabilisation by characteristic is required with a slope of m1 ≥ 0.7 (in this example it is
Idiff/IR = 1/1.5 = 0.67). Also the basic threshold should not be set too sensitive (typical value Idiff> = 0.6
0.6
Iref).
Iref
A
B
C
P634
X031 X032 inputs
2 2
5 5 IC,a T13
6 6
IR ~ 3
CA fault
B
C Idiff ~ 1
IR ~ 1.5
3N
turns X051 X052
1
2
1
2
4 4 010.025 MAIN Inom device, end b = per CT Idiff ~ 1
5 5 IC,b T23
6 6
IR ~ 2.5
2N 019.010 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-b PS1 = 0
turns
X071 X072
1
2
1
2
IA,c T31 End c:
3 3 IB,c T32 019.022 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end c = per CT
4 4 010.029 MAIN Inom device, end c = per CT
5 5 IC,c T33
6 6

If such an operational condition could apply, then the stabilisation must be further enhanced by taking
the tap position into account and blocking the stabilisation for tap positions resulting in just small phase
shifts.
Naturally, this stabilisation must also take the position of the reversing switch into consideration. In the
sketch above the (+) position is considered. Analysing the condition when the switch is in (-) position
results in an equivalent solution: a further end is required to provide appropriate stabilisation. As wiring
could not be changed and also a reverting switch in the secondary wiring of the CT is either too
expensive or not acceptable, this yields to 2 possible solutions:
1) Wiring up one end (c) and changing its vector group acc. to the reverting switch position.
In this case, a 3-end protection P633 is sufficient. As vector group settings are in the parameter
subsets, the standard setting group selection logic could be used.
2) Wiring up two ends (c and d) and disable one of them acc. to the reverting switch position.
This solution uses the feature to disconnect individual ends of P633/P634 by energising
appropriately configured binary inputs, as introduced with firmware version -621. This solution is
sketched below.
A
B
C
P634
X031 X032 inputs
1
2
1
2
IA,a T11 End a:
4 4 010.024 MAIN Inom device, end a = per CT
5 5 IC,a T13
6 6
A
B
C
X051 X052
reversing switch 1 1 IA,b T21 End b:
2 2
4 4 010.025 MAIN Inom device, end b = per CT
5 5 IC,b T23
6 6
Tap 0 019.018 MAIN Vnom prim. end b PS1 = Usec
(-) (+) 019.010 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-b PS1 = 0
...
n
X071 X072
(<x) 1
2
1
2
IA,c T31 End c:
5 5 IC,c T33
6 6
X091 X092
1
2
1
2
IA,d T41 End d:
3 3 IB,d T42 019.026 MAIN Inom C.T.prim.,end d = as end b
5 5 IC,d T43
6 6
019.037 MAIN Vnom prim. end d PS1 = Usec / 3
019.014 DIFF Vec.gr. ends a-d PS1 = 4
binary input active, if

reversing switch in position (+) Vin LOGIC Input 1 EXT >1
MAIN Disconnect End d EXT
binary input active, if
reversing switch in position (-) Vin LOGIC Input 2 EXT
binary input active, if >1

MAIN Disconnect End c EXT
tap change position „small“ Vin
LOGIC Input 3 EXT
&
Signalling via LED/OUTP/…
Alarm condition: both positions of the
reversing switch mutually exclude each other

4 Instructions for Commissioning and Testing

4.1 Checking the Phase Angle of the Phase Currents
It is possible to make an estimate regarding correct connection of the phase currents by using the phase
angles that are provided as measured operating values.
With an ideally symmetrical load through the transformer, the phase angles between the phase currents
of a given end must be displayed as follows, depending on the rotary field direction in the system:
Clockwise Rotating Field Counterclockwise Rotating Field

ϕ AB,z = ϕBC,z = ϕCA,z = 120° ϕ AB, z = ϕBC, z = ϕCA, z = −120°
The setting of the function parameter for direction of rotating field has no effect in this case.
The phase angles of a given phase between the phase currents of two ends must be displayed as
follows, depending on the transformer vector group:
Vector Group
0 ϕ x,a − z = ±180°
1 ϕ x,a − z = −150°
2 ϕ x,a − z = −120°
3 ϕ x,a − z = −90°
4 ϕ x,a − z = −60°
5 ϕ x,a − z = −30°
6 ϕ x,a − z = ±0°
7 ϕ x,a − z = 30°
8 ϕ x,a − z = 60°
9 ϕ x,a − z = 90°
10 ϕ x,a − z = 120°
11 ϕ x,a − z = 150°
The setting for the function parameter for the vector group has no effect in this case. On the other hand,
a change in the setting of the function parameter for the connection direction of a given main current
transformer set affects the corresponding measured operating value by ±180°.

4.2 Checking the Basic Threshold Value of the Tripping Characteristic
The basic threshold value Id> of the tripping characteristic can be easily checked by means of single-end
current infeed (s. Section 2.3.2).
4.2.1 Single-
Single-End, Three-
Three-Phase Symmetrical Infeed
For single-end, three-phase symmetrical infeed, the operate current Ix,z is obtained as follows, taking into
account the amplitude matching factor kamp,z:
Id >
Ix,z = ⋅ Inom,z
k amp,z
The differential and restraining currents displayed as measured operating values are obtained as follows:
k amp,z ⋅ Ix,z
Id,y =
Inom,z
1 k amp,z ⋅ Ix,z
IR,y = ⋅
2 Inom,z
4.2.2 Single-
Single-End, Single-
Single-Phase Infeed
In the case of single-end, single-phase infeed, it is necessary to consider not only the amplitude
matching factor kamp,z but also another matching factor kvec,z corresponding to the vector group matching
and zero-sequence current filter settings. The tripping current Ix,z is then obtained as follows:
Id >
Ix,z = ⋅ Inom,z
k amp,z ⋅ k vec,z
The corresponding matching factor kvec,z can be taken from the following tables.
The differential and restraining currents displayed as measured operating values are obtained as follows:
k amp,z ⋅ k vec,z ⋅ Ix,z

Id,y =
Inom,z
1 k amp,z ⋅ k vec,z ⋅ Ix,z

IR,y = ⋅
2 Inom,z

Matching factor kvec,z for the individual measuring systems y as a function of the supplied phase x for the
high-voltage side:
x=A x=B x=C

y=1 y=2 y=3 y=1 y=2 y=3 y=1 y=2 y=3
1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67
Without Izero filtering / with Izero filtering
Matching factor kvec,z for the individual measuring systems y as a function of the supplied phase x and as
a function of the set vector group for the low-voltage side in question:
Vector x=A x=B x=C

Group
y=1 y=2 y=3 y=1 y=2 y=3 y=1 y=2 y=3
0
1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67
1
0.91/0.58 0.33/0 0.24/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.33/0 0.33/0 0.24/0.58 0.91/0.58
2
0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33
3
0.33/0 0.91/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.33/0 0.91/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.33/0
4
0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33
5
0.24/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.33/0 0.33/0 0.24/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.33/0 0.24/0.58
6
1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67
7
0.24/0.58 0.33/0 0.91/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.33/0 0.33/0 0.91/0.58 0.24/0.58
8
0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33
9
0.33/0 0.24/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.33/0 0.24/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.91/0.58 0.33/0
10
0/0.33 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33 0/0.33 1/0.67 1/0.67 0/0.33 0/0.33
11
0.91/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.33/0 0.33/0 0.91/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.24/0.58 0.33/0 0.91/0.58
Without Izero filtering / with Izero filtering
Note:
For the devices P631/632/633/634 the addition of zero-sequence current in case of odd numbered
vector groups are not realized for SW versions -601 and -602. For these SW versions the value related to
‚without Izero filtering‘ has to be considered to be equal to ‚with Izero filtering‘ in case of odd numbered
vector groups.

Appendix
A Vector Groups and Transformer

Transformer Configurations
The vector group identifies the connection of the windings and the phase relation of the voltage phasors
assigned to them. It consists of code letters that specify the connection of the phase windings and a
code number that defines the phase displacement.
For three-phase alternating current, a distinction is made between the following phase winding
connections:
• Delta connection (D,d)
• Wye connection (Y,y)
• Zigzag connection (Z,z)
The upper-case letters are used for the high-voltage windings, and the lower-case letters for the medium
and low-voltage windings. The upper-case letter appears first in the vector group. If several windings
have the same nominal voltages, the upper-case letter is assigned to the winding having the highest
nominal power, and if the windings have identical nominal powers, the upper-case letter is assigned to
the winding that is first according to the order of connections given above. If the neutral point of a
winding is wye-connected or zigzag-connected, then the identifying symbol is YN or ZN – or yn or zn,
respectively.
For phase displacement, the phasor of the high-voltage winding is considered to be the reference
quantity. The code number, when multiplied by 30°, specifies the angle by which the phasor of the low-
voltage winding lags behind the phasor of the high-voltage winding. For multi-winding transformers, the
phasor of the high-voltage winding is the reference quantity; the symbol for this winding is given first.
The other symbols follow in the order of decreasing nominal winding voltages.
By definition, therefore, the vector group is a function of the viewing direction. The vector groups related
to the two viewing directions are complementary and add up to the number 12.
Vector groups for which the corresponding phase windings belong to the same phase are referred to as
"true" vector groups. The following listing includes only "true" vector groups; it also contains all the
"true" vector groups that are possible.
"Untrue" vector groups are formed from the "true" vector groups by cyclical reversal or transposition of
phases.
By transposing phases A with C, B with A, and C with B, we obtain the following:

• from the "true" vector group Yy0: the "untrue" vector group Yy4
• from the "true" vector group Yd5: the "untrue" vector group Yd9
By transposing phases A with B, B with C, and C with A, we obtain the following:

• from the "true" vector group Yd7: the "untrue" vector group Yd3

All "true" vector groups with Yy connections:
Yy0 Yy6
C C C
C
B B B
B
A A A
A
Yy0 Yy6
All "true" vector groups with Dy or Yd connections:
Dy11 Dy1
C
C C
C
B
B B
B
A
A A
A
Yd1 Yd11
Dy7 Dy5
C C C C
B B B B
A A A A
Yd5 Yd7

All "true" vector groups with Yz or Zy connections:
Yz11 Yz1
C C
C C
B B
B B
A A
A A
Zy1 Zy11
Yz7 Yz5
C C C C
B B B B
A A A A
Zy5 Zy7

All "true" vector groups with Dz or Zd connections:
Dz10 Dz0
C C
C C
B B
B B
A A
A A
Zd2 Zd0
Dz8 Dz2
C
C C C
B
B B B
A
A A A
Zd4 Zd10
Dz6 Dz4
C C C C
B B B B
A A A A
Zd6 Zd8

 2011 Schneider Electric. All rights resereved
Schneider Electric As standards, specifications and designs change from time to time, please ask for contribution
35, rue Joseph Monier – CS30323 of the information given in this publication.
F - 92500 Rueil-Malmaison cedex (France)
Tel: +33 (0)1 41 29 85 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 41 29 71 00
RCS Nanterre 954 503w

Capital social 896 313 776 € Design: Schneider Electric
ww.schneider-electric.com Photos: Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric Energy - MiCOM Px3x Series- Application Guide - EN 11 / 2011

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MiCOM Px3x Series

Transformer Differential Protection

2 Mode of Operation and Basic Setting Instructions 5

3 Setting Instructions for Special Applications 17

4 Instructions for Commissioning and Testing 37

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

Symbols and Subscripts

prim Primary quantity

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2 Mode of Operation and Basic Setting Instructions

2.1 Amplitude Matching

k amp,a ⋅ I(xrel ) (rel)

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

k amp,a ⋅ I(xrel ) ( rel)

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

• None of the amplitude-matching factors kamp,z must exceed a value of 16:

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2.2 Vector Group Matching and Zero-

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

Iamp,A,z = Iamp,zero,z + Iamp,pos,z + Iamp,neg,z

Mathematical operations on the high-voltage side:

With Izero filtering Without Izero filtering

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

VG With Izero filtering Without Izero filtering

0 Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec, y,z = Iamp, x,z

4 Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x −1,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x −1,z

8 Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x +1,z − Iamp,zero,z Ivec,y,z = Iamp,x +1,z

VG With Izero filtering Without Izero filtering

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

with I0 filtering without I0 filtering

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2.3 Tripping Characteristic

2.3.1 Definition of Id and IR

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2.3.2 First Section of the Tripping Characteristic

Id/Iref Load line

IR,m1 = 0.5 ⋅ Id >

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2.3.3 Second Section of the Tripping Characteristic

Id/Iref Load line

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2.3.4 Third Section of the Tripping Characteristic

Id/Iref Load line

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

2.3.5 Algorithmic Treatment of Id and IR

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

3 Setting Instructions for Special Applications

400 / 1 A 52.5 kV Dy7 10.5 kV

Iref,prim,a = 275 A Iref,prim,b = 1375 A

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

Vector Group Matching and Zero-

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

Ix,a Winding a Winding b

(prim ) ( prim ) (prim )

1 m1 Tap changer characteristic

P63x PAR-TransformerDifferential ApplicationGuide EN i.doc Schneider Electric Energy

Ivec,y,a,max + Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,a,min + Ivec,y,b

Ivec,y,a,max − Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,a,min − Ivec,y,b

Furthermore, Ivec,y,a,max > Ivec,y,b and Ivec,y,a,min < Ivec,y,b:

Ivec,y,a,max − Ivec,y,b Ivec,y,b − Ivec,y,a,min

Ivec,y,a,max − Ivec,y,a,mid Ivec,y,a,mid − Ivec,y,a,min