Sistem Multimedia: The Uses of Text in Multimedia

Sistem Multimedia
The Uses of Text In Multimedia
Andri Priyatna Putra

Teknik Informatika
Universitas Komputer Indonesia
Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom
Semester 7 2019-2020
Objective..
• Media Types
• What text is
• How text is created and stored in the computer
• How text is used in Multimedia Systems
• Advantages and Disadvantages
of using texts

Temporal & Non-Temporal
Media
• Media
• Refer to multimedia element.
• Two Media types : temporal & non-temporal media.
• Temporal Media
• The media has an associated time aspect. {e.g it’s view changes with
respect to time}
• Example : audio, video, animation.. etc.
• Non-Temporal Media
• Also known as a static media. It is the same representation regardless of time
• Example : text, graphic..
Multimedia application are typically composed of both media..

What is Text..
• Basic media for many multimedia system.
• Text in the form of words, sentences, and
paragraphs is used to communicate thoughts, ideas
and facts in nearly every aspect in our lives.
• Multimedia products depends on text for many
things:
• To explain how application work
• To guide the user in navigating through the application
• Deliver the information for which the application was
designed.

What is Text..
• Minimize the texts in multimedia application
• Texts consists of two structures:
• Linear
• Non-Linear

What is Text..
• Linear
• The structure of the traditional text
• Linear-shaped organizations where it has the beginning
and end.
• The arrangement consists of a series of sections /
chapters (sections). Each section / chapter has a title
and maybe, have sub section (Subsection) that will form
a paragraph.
• The composition of this text is in the form of structured
hierarchically and can be represented as a tree
structure.

What is Text..
• Non Linear
• Known as Hypertext
• The composition of the text of which is non-linear and
graph data structure
• It consists of nodes that represent a small part of the
text and will be linked to other parts of the text using
links (links).
• Hypertext allows users to perform search-and-reach
operations on a document faster.

Text Technology..
• Based on creating letters, numbers and special
characters.
• Text elements can be categories into:
• Alphabet characters : A – Z
• Numbers : 0 – 9
• Special characters : Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …] , Sign or
Symbols [* & ^ % $ £ ! /\ ~ # @ .…]
• Also known Character Sets
• May also include special icon or drawing symbols,
mathematical symbols, Greek Letter etc.
Typefaces, Fonts and Points..
• Typefaces
• The graphic representations of the alphabet, numbers and
special character.
• Usually vary by type sizes and styles.
• Fonts
• Particular size of typefaces
• Usually vary by type sizes and styles.
• The sizes are measured in points
• One point is 1/72” or 0.0138 inch”
• Measuring distance from the top of a capital letters (e.g. ‘A or P’) to
the bottom of a descenders (e.g. ‘y , ‘p’ , ‘q’).

Fonts Effects..
• A numbers of effects that are useful for bringing viewer’s
attention to content
• Case: UPPER and lower letter

• Bold, Italic, Underline, superscript or subscript
• Embossed or Shadow
• Colours
• Strikethrough

Types of Fonts..
Two classes of fonts: Serif or Sans Serif
• Serif fonts use decorative tips or flags at the ends of a letter
strokes
• Sans Serif fonts don’t have these features
Serif fonts are usually used for documents or screens that have
large quantities of text
- This is because the serif helps guide the reader’s eye
along the text

Types of Fonts..
• For computer displays, Sans Serif fonts considered better
because of the sharper contrast.
Times
TimesNew
NewRoman
Roman Century
CenturyGothic
Gothic
Bookman
Bookman Arial
Arial
Rockwell
RockwellLight
Light Comic
Comic Sans
Sans MS
MS
Courier
Courier New
New Impact
Impact
Century
Century Tahoma
Tahoma
Examples of Serif fonts Examples of Sans Serif fonts

Text Characteristics..
This example shows the Times New Roman font
Ascender
Capital Height x-Height
FD xhp
Point size Serif p -Height
Descender
Tracking, Kerning and Leading..

Tracking, Kerning and Leading..
Reading Line One

Leading
Reading Line One

Ascender : an upstroke on a character
Descender : the down stroke below the baseline of a character
Leading : spacing above and below a font or Line spacing
Tracking : spacing between characters
Kerning : space between pairs of characters, usually as an
verlap for improvement appearance

Bitmapped and vector fonts..
• Fonts can either be stored as bitmapped or vector
graphics
• Bitmaps font depend to the size and the pixel
numbers - File size increases as more sizes are
added
• Vector fonts can draw any size by scaling the vector
drawing primitives mathematically
• File size is much smaller than bitmaps
• TrueType and PostScript are vector font formats

Bitmapped and vector fonts..

Jaggies and Antialiasing..
• Jaggies are the jagged edges you see when a
bitmapped image is resized
• It is a consequence of the underlying array of pixels
from which the image is composed.
• Antialiasing is a technique that can be used to
eliminate jagged edges
• It substitutes additional pixels in other colours to
fool the brain into thinking it is seeing continuous
lines

• The technique is used to blend the font into the
background by transitioning the colour from the
font colour to background.
• This technique minimizes the jagged edges making
for a smoother overall appearance.


Text Data Files..
• The common data encoding schemes for text
are:
• Plain text (ASCII) is text in an electronic format
that can be read and interpreted by humans
• Rich text is similar but it also embeds special
control characters into the text to provide
additional features
• Hypertext is an advance on rich text which allows
the reader to jump to different sections within
the document or even jump to a new document
Text Data Files..
Plain
Plain text
text
This
This is
is plain
plain text.
text. It is
is readable
readable by
by humans. It It can
can contains
contains numbers
numbers
(01234)
(01234) and
and punctuation
punctuation (.,#@*&)
(.,#@*&) since
since itit uses
uses the
the ASCII
ASCII character
character set.
set.
Rich
Rich text
text
This
This is
is <bold>rich
<bold>rich text</bold>.<br><center>It
text</bold>.<br><center>It is is also
also readable
readable by
by
humans
humans butbut contains
contains additional
additional tags
tags which
which control
control the
the presentation
presentation of
of
the
the text.</center>
text.</center>
Hypertext
Hypertext
This
This is
is <a
<a href=“http://www.w3c.org/”>hypertext</a>.
href=“http://www.w3c.org/”>hypertext</a>. It It uses the rich
text
text format
format shown
shown above
above but
but adds
adds the
the ability
ability to
to hyperlink
hyperlink to other
other
documents.<hr><img
documents.<hr><img src=“logo.gif”>
src=“logo.gif”>
Text Data Files..
Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts. Ted Nelson 1960s.
The most famous implementation of hypertext is the World Wide Web,
first deployed in 1992.
History of World Wide Web → http://www.w3.org/History.html
HyperMedia is a term used for hypertext which is not constrained to be
text: it can include graphics, video and sound.
By now the word "hypertext" has become generally accepted

for branching and responding text, but the corresponding word "hypermedia",
meaning complexes of branching and responding
graphics, movies and sound – as well as text – is much less used.
Instead they use the strange term "interactive multimedia" :

this is four syllables longer, and does not express the idea of extending hypertext.
— Nelson, Literary Machines, 1992

Example of HyperText..
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web
pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.
Kegunaan HTML :
➔
Mengontrol tampilan dari web page dan contentnya.
➔
Mempublikasikan document secara online sehingga bisa di akses
dari seluruh dunia.
➔
Membuat online form yang bisa di gunakan untuk menangani
pendaftaran, transaksi secara online.
➔
Menambahkan object-object seperti image, audio, video dan juga
java applet dalam document HTML.
➔
Mendukung link (sebuah hubungan dari satu dokumen ke
dokumen lain) antar dokumen. Link pada umumnya berwarna
biru,dan jika sudah pernah diklik berwarna ungu.

Example of HyperText..
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
Keunggulan XML :
➔
Pintar (Intelligence). XML dapat menangani berbagai tingkat kompleksitas.
➔
Dapat beradaptasi. Dapat mengadaptasi untuk membuat bahasa sendiri.
Seperti Microsoft membuat bahasa MSXML atau Macromedia mengembangkan
MXML.
➔
Mudah pemeliharaannya.
➔
Sederhana. XML lebih sederhana.
➔
Mudah dipindah-pindahkan (Portability). XML mempunyai kemudahan
perpindahan yang lebih bagus.
Wiwit Siswoutomo, Membangun Aplikasi Berbasis Flash + CD, halaman 157.
Elex Media Komputindo.

Multimedia and Hypertext..
• Multimedia
• Hypertext systems
• Using hypertext systems
• Searching for words
• Hypermedia structures
• Hypertext tools

• Multimedia
• Multimedia is defined as the combination of text,
graphics, and audio elements into a single presentation.
• When the user assumes control over the presentation, it
is called interactive multimedia.
• Interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia when a
structure of linked elements is provided to the user for
navigation and interaction.

• Hypertext systems
• Hypertext is defined as the organized cross-linking of
words, images, and other Web elements.
• A system in which words are keyed or indexed to other
words is referred to as a hypertext system.
• A hypertext system enables the user to navigate through
text in a non-linear way.

• Information management and hypertext programs
present electronic text, images, and other elements
in a database fashion.
• Software robots visit web pages and index entire
web sites.
• Hypertext databases make use of proprietary
indexing systems.
• Server-based hypertext and database engines are
widely available.


• Typical methods for word searching in hypermedia
systems are:
• Categorical search (movies, jobs, sports, weather)
• Word relationship
• automatically compute statistical probabilities based on
semantic distance of words or phrases relative to the
context of the pages they are embedded on and other
similar pages
• Adjacency (within, not within, preceded by, within
doc)
• Alternates (or)
• Association (and)
• Typical methods for word searching in hypermedia
systems are:
• Negation (web multimedia –definition)
• Truncation (patriot* = patriot, patriots, patriotic…)
• Intermediate words - [Mark Bealo] vs “Mark Bealo”
• Frequency

• Hypermedia structures
• Links
• Nodes
• Anchors
• Navigating hypermedia structures
• Links
• Links are connections between conceptual elements.
• Links are the navigation pathways and menus.
• Nodes
• Nodes are accessible topics, documents, messages, and
content elements.
• Nodes and links form the backbone of a knowledge
access system.

• Anchors
• An anchor is defined as the reference from one
document to another document, image, sound, or file
on the Web.
• The source node linked to the anchor is referred to as a
link anchor.
• The destination node linked to the anchor is referred to
as a link end.

• Navigating hypermedia structures
• The simplest way to navigate hypermedia structures is
via buttons.
• Location markers must be provided to make navigation
user-friendly.

• Two functions common to most hypermedia text
management systems are building (authoring) and
reading.
• The functions of a builder are:
• Creating links
• Identifying nodes
• Generating an index of word

• Hypertext systems are used for:
• Electronic publishing and reference works
• Technical documentation
• Educational courseware
• Interactive kiosks
• Electronic catalogs

Working With Text..
Considerations and guidelines when we are working with text:
• Be Concise
• Use the appropriate typefaces and fonts
• Make it readable
• Consider type styles and colours
• Use restraint and be consistent

How text can be used effectively..
• Communicating Data
• Customer names and address
• Pricing information of products
• Explaining concepts and ideas

• A company mission statement
• A comparison of medical procedures
• Clarifying other media

• Labels on button, icons and screens
• Captions and callouts for graphics
Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom Semester
7 2019-2020
Advantages and Disadvantages
of using texts..
• Advantages
• Is relatively inexpensive to produce
• Present abstract ideas effectively
• Clarifies other media
• Provides confidentiality
• Is easily changed or updated
• Disadvantages
• Is less memorable than other visual media
• Requires more attention from the user than other media
• Can be cumbersome
Summary..
• Multimedia applications and presentations invariably rely to
some extent on the use of text to convey their message to
users
• Text has many characteristics that the developer can modify
to enhance the user experience
- size, weight, typeface, style, colour, kerning, tracking,
etc.
• Antialiasing is a technique that can be used to improve the
readability of text

Tugas Besar
Tugas besar sistem multimedia

dikerjakan secara berkelompok.
Waktu yang diberikan adalah
selama perkuliahan system
multimedia berlangsung (efektif
4 bulan). Tujuannya adalah
mengembangkan aplikasi /
perangkat lunak berbasis
multimedia.

Terima Kasih..


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Sistem Multimedia

The Uses of Text In Multimedia

Andri Priyatna Putra

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Multimedia application are typically composed of both media..

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

• Case: UPPER and lower letter

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Reading Line One

Reading Line One

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

By now the word "hypertext" has become generally accepted

Instead they use the strange term "interactive multimedia" :

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

• Explaining concepts and ideas

• Clarifying other media

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Tugas besar sistem multimedia

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

Andri Putra | Teknik Informatika | Unikom

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