Permanganometry 

it is a redox titration and involves the use

of permanganates and used to measure the amount
of analyte present in unknown chemical samples.
Permanganate, Mno4, is an intense dark purple color. Reduction
of purple permanganate ion to the colorless Mn2+ ion, the
solution will turn from dark purple to a faint pink color at the
equivalence point. The reduction of permanganate requires
strong acidic conditions. Phosphoric acid will be used to ensure
that the ferric product, Fe3+ remains in its colorless form.

It involves two steps:

1. the titration of the analyte with potassium permanganate
(KMnO4) solution
2.the standardization of potassium permanganate solution with
standard sodium oxalate solution. 
Titrant: K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate) – primary
standard solution; or CrO3 (chromium trioxide) in
CH3COOH (concentrated)

Reaction of method: Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e-  2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Dichromate ion is a strong oxidizing agent but weaker
than permanganate

Advantage: Stable, Pure, and a cheap price

Disadvantage: Slow reaction
Goals: To determine the amount of Fe2+ in HCl solution
 PRIMARY SECONDARY
Definition Primary standard solutions Secondary standard
are solutions made out of solutions are solutions
primary standard made specifically for a
substances. certain analysis.
Purity extremely pure (about not very pure.
99.9%).
Reactivity less or not reactive. reactive than primary
standards.
Water Absorption not hygroscopic. somewhat hygroscopic

Applications Primary standard solutions Secondary standard

are used to standardize solutions are used for
secondary standards and specific analytical
other reagents experiments.
 1. Corrosion
corrosion occurs in iron (Fe) and what makes the problem is the oxygen (O₂) and
water (H₂O)
Cathode (reduction) = O₂ + + → 2H₂O
Anode (oxidation) = Fe → +
Redoks = 2Fe + O₂ + → 2 + 2H₂O

2. Photosynthesis in Plants
In the first step, light energy is used to liberate the hydrogen atoms, reducing
them and creating oxygen gas; these atoms then reduce the carbon in the
carbon dioxide
3. Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
Where ATP is adenosine triphosphate, a simple energy-supplying
compound that drives various other metabolic processes. In this
reaction, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

4. Combustion
The combustion reaction is widely used for various purposes both
household, industrial, and transportation. Example: combustion reaction
of methane gas contained in LPG.
CH₄ (g) + 2O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O (g)

5. Preservation of food ingredients

Food ingredients can be damaged by the oxidation process. For example,
butter and vegetable oil if left for a long time will smell rancid.