Group 6

IPSE 2018

Separation
Ai Fatimah
Mufti Muhammad Hamzah
Tasya Fadila
Yulianita Nursakinah
Definition of separation
a separation process is used
to transform a mixture of substances
into two or more distinct products.
Content
Sublimation
Distillation
Filtration
Extraction
Evaporation
Chromatography
Separation Video
Separation Video
Separation of Components from a Mixture of Red and Blue Inks by Paper
Chromatography

Material and Appaaratuses

Chromatographic hamber with lid Fine capillary
Mixture of red and blue inks tube
Isopropyl alcohol Ruler
Whatman Thread
filter paper strip Pencil
Separation of Components from a Mixture of Red and Blue Inks by Paper
Chromatography
Procedure
1. Take the whatman filter paper strip and draw a line with a pencil above 2 cm from one end
2. Draw another line lengthwise from the center of the paper
3. Name the point at which the two lines intersect as P
4. Take the mixture of red and blue inks using capillary tube
5. Put a drop of mixture of red and blue inks at the point P
6. Allow it to dry in open air
7. Put another drop on the same spot and dry again, so that the spot rich with the mixture
8. Take a piece of thread and tie the filter paper with it
9. Suspend the filter paper vertically in the chromatographic chamber containing mixture of
isopropyl alcohol and distilled water
Separation of Components from a Mixture of Red and Blue Inks by Paper
Chromatography
Procedure
10. Make sure the pencil line remains about 1 cm above the solvent
11. Keep the chamber undisturbed for some time.
12. Notice the rising solvent along with the red and blue inks
13. After the solvent has risen, you will notice two different spot of blue and red colors on the filter
paper
14. Take the filter paper out of the chamber and mark the distance that the solvent has risen on
the paper with a pencil (the solvent front)
15. Dry the filter paper and put pencil marks on the center of the red and blue spot
16. Measure the distance of the two spot from the original line and the distance of the solvent
from the original line
17. Calculate the Rf values of red and blue inks.
 Simple Distillation Experiment
Material and Apparatuses
Spiritus burner
Distilling flask 2 Stand and
Distilling head clip
Thermometer Tripod
Thermometer adapter Wire gauze
Boiling chips with asbestos center
Condenser Graduated cylinder
Rubber tubing Unknown sample
Adapter Container
Erlenmeyer Water
flask as receiver
 Simple Distillation Experiment
Procedures
1. Fill the container with the water
2. Place 100 mL of unknown sample into distillation flask
3. Add 2 boiling chips into distillation flask
4. Note the temperature
5. Set all the distillation apparatuses
6. Make sure the rubber tubing work well, also avoid folds to make the water flows
7. Start the heating process and note the initial temperature
8. Observe the increasing of temperature for each minutes
9. Note the temperature regarding volume distilled
10. Note the constant temperature
11. Wait until the pure water goes down into Erlenmeyer flask
12. Collect the volume of distilled water.
Sublimation
Sublimation is used to separate a substance
that sublimes, from a substance that does not
sublime.
There are two process in sublimation:
- Process of converting solid substances directly into the
vapour state by applying heat, without going through the
liquid state.
- On cooling, water vapour changes back to solid directly
and it is called sublimate.
Sublimation
Example

Another substance which sublimates on heating are

camphor, naphthalene, anthracene, benzoic acid, etc.
Distillation
Distillation is used to separate liquids from
nonvolatile solids, or in the separation of two or
more liquids having different boiling points.

To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be

heated to force components, which have different
boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then
condensed back into liquid form and collected.
Distillation
Types - Steam Distillation
It applicables when the material to
- Simple Distillation be distilled is immiscible (incapable
It may be used when the boiling points of of mixing) and chemically
two liquids are significantly different nonreactive with water.
from each other or to separate liquids Example: separating fatty acids
from solids or nonvolatile components. from soybean oils
Example: separating chloroform from oil
Distillation
Types - Vacuum Distillation
It is used to separate
components that have high
- Fractional Distillation
boiling points.
It is used when the boiling points of the
Example: remove salt from
components of a mixture are close to each
ocean water, in order to produce
other.
fresh water
Example: separating liquid ethanol to
create pure water and ethanol
Filtration
Filtration is a process used to separate solids
from liquids or gases using a filter medium
that allows the fluid to pass through but not
the solid. The fluid that passes through the
filter is called the filtrate. The filter medium
may be a surface filter, which is a solid that
traps solid particles, or a depth filter, which is
a bed of material that traps the solid.
Filtration
Materials and Equipment
- Funnel
- Filter paper
- Conical flask
- Beaker glass

Procedure
What can be separated by this method is a heterogeneous mixture. An example of a
heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of sand in water. When shaken, the sand will remain insoluble
and be distributed unevenly. The sand particles floating around will eventually settle to the
bottom of the bottle making it a heterogeneous mixture. Various types of filters are used to purify
and to separate the mixture from contaminants. Based on the type of contaminant - large or small,
filters with different pore sizes can be used, even at home.
Filtration
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force
to separate two liquids in a mixture. In this process, the
denser components of the mixture migrate away from
the axis and the lighter components migrate towards
the axis. Typically, centrifugation is used if a solution is
not successfully separated by filtration.
Filtration
Advantages and Limitation of Filtration
The cost of filtration is relatively inexpensive
compared to other separation techniques and is also
easy to obtain.
Not all mixtures are properly filtered, and the filter
paper is also scattered.
Extraction
separation of an organic compound (solid
or liquid) from its aqueous solution by
shaking with a suitable solvent (e.g. ether,
benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
etc.) in a separating funnel. The selected
solvent should be immiscible with water
but should dissolve the organic compound
to an appreciable extent.
 Extraction
Materials and Equipment Procedure
Extraction

Easy example of Extraction

You boil tea leaves in water to extract the

tannins, theobromine, polyphenols, and
caffeine out of the solid tea leaves and into
the liquid water. You are then free to drink
and enjoy the water and the extracted
substances it contains.
Evaporation
Any compound or element that transforms from a liquid state
to gaseous state below its boiling temperature where the
liquid enters into the atmosphere in the form of water vapour.

Some common examples of evaporation are discussed

below:
Evaporation of sprinkled water on rooftop or ground.
The nail paint, when applied on nails, evaporates due to
the presence of acetone.
Lakes and rivers dry due through a process of
evaporation.
Cooling of hot tea or coffee over time is due to
evaporation.
Relationship between evaporation and
condensation in the water cycle
 Chromatography
Chromatography is a way of separating out a
mixture of chemicals, which are in gas or liquid
form, by letting them creep slowly past another
substance, which is typically a liquid or solid

The type of Chromatography technique:

Paper chromatography
Column chromatography
Gaschromatography
The ink separate because the substances have different
solubilities in the solvent and are absorbed to different degrees
by the chromatography paper.
 Thank You!
I hope you can learn something from this.