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Referencing for
Design Essays
GRAP2740 History & Theory 1

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 You did not
make up the
information, so
you need to
reference the
academic
sources you got
it from…
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In-text referencing
(short version and code
for bibliography
referencing)
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Basics…

Name of author(s) + year of

publication + page number(s)

(Jahja 2020, p.22)

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* Note: The only reason not to have page
numbers is when a whole JOURNAL/BOOK is
about the topic of the sentence or the source
is a website. This would hardly ever be
possible for a book but is more familiar with
research journals. If in doubt, always use
page numbers. 

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Applications…

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• “Less is a bore” (Venturi, cited in Hollands 2006, p.7).
– Use, when you are quoting someone cited in a book by a different author.
• (Jahja & Smith 2011, p.3) - Use & instead of ’and’.
• (Jahja 2011, p.45; Jones 2019, p.35) – Use ; to separate two sources citing the
same information.
• (Jahja et al., 2018, p.5) – Use et al., When there are three or more authors.
• (ibid) – Use (ibid) if you are using the exact same reference consecutively in your text.
• (Jahja 2017, pp.23-24) – Use pp. when the information goes over multiple pages.

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Bonus Tips…
* Note: you do not need to cite when:
1. information is so general that it can be found in three
academic texts without a citation.
2. When you are giving your personal discussion or
analysis… although, you do need to change your
language to be suggestive rather than factual…

Hint. Nominal verbs are your friend… see the next slide ;)

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 Nominal verbs…
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Bibliographical referencing
(long version for where you got
your information from – book,
journal, internet etc…)

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Harvard Reference List Examples
Andreasen, NC 2001, Brave new brain: conquering mental illness in the era of the
genome, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Copstead, L & Banasik, J 2005, Pathophysiology, 3rd edn, Saunders, Philadelphia.

Davis, M, Charles, L, Curry, MJ, Shanti, P, Prasad, S, Hewings, A et al. 2003, Challenging
spatial norms, Routledge, London

Example List of References in Harvard: 

1. Book
2. Book (2 authors and multiple editions)
3. Book (6 plus authors)

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Este, J, Warren, C, Connor, L, Brown, M, Pollard, R, O’Connor, T 2008, Life in
the clickstream: the future of journalism, Media Entertainment and Arts
Alliance, viewed 27 May 2009,
<http://www.alliance.org.au/documents/foj_report_final.pdf>.

Ferres, K 2001, ‘Idiot box: television, urban myths and ethical scenarios’, in I
Craven (ed.), Australian cinema in the 1990s, Frank Cass, London.

Storey, KB 2004, Functional metabolism regulation and adaptation, John

Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, viewed 4 April 2009, NetLibrary database.

4. Online government document

5. Chapter in a book
6. Book in a database

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Wentworth, WC 1984, ‘Why we need a permanent base on the moon’, The
Sydney Morning Herald 24 January, p. 11, viewed 3 April 2009, Sydney
Morning Herald Archives database.

Zeta, RJ 2020, ‘Daydreams and mythologies in design’, Journal of Social

Psychology, vol.1, no.6, pp.102-120.

7. Newspaper article
8. Journal paper

* Note - Alphabetised, no bullet points, single spacing and space in between sources.
Should indent all lines below the first.  

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