MATH C191: MATHEMATICS - I

BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus

Presented by
Dr. M.S. Radhakrishnan
Email: msr@bits-hyderabad.ac.in
 Double Integrals in Polar
Form
Ch. 15.3
Text Book:Thomas’s Calculus, 11th Ed.
By Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass & Frank
R. Giordano, Pearson, 2008.

Jan 1, 2022 Presented by Dr. M.S. Radhakrishnan BITS, Pilani 2

 Double Integrals in Polar
Form

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Double integrals in Polar Coordinates
Suppose a function f (r,  ) is defined over a
region R bounded by the rays
   and   
and by the continuous curves
r  g ( ) and r  h( ).
We also assume that 0  g (  )  h(  )
for all  between  and  .
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 r  h(  )

dA

r  g ( )

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We cover the region R by a grid of “polar
rectangles” consisting of circular arcs and
rays. The elementary area of a typical polar
rectangle is dA  r d dr  r dr d

rd
dA
dr
d r

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Thus the double integral of f (r,  ) over the
region R can be found as
 h ( )

 f (r , ) dA
R
 
 
 
 rg ( )
f (r , ) r dr d

Areas in Polar Coordinates

The area bounded by the region R in polar
coordinates is got by taking f (r,  ) = 1 and is
A   dA   r dr d
R R
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Problem 18 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097

Find the area of the region that lies inside the

cardioid r = 1+cos  and outside the circle
r = 1.
Solution
The required area (by symmetry)
= 2 Area above the x- axis
(See the figure in the next slide.)
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 cardioid r = 1+cos 
circle r = 1.

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  / 2 1cos
2  
0 r 1
r dr d

 /2
  (1  cos  )  1 d 2

0

 /2
   2cos  cos   d 
2
 2 .
0 4
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Problem 22 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097

Find the area of the region common to the

interiors of the cardioids r = 1+cos  and
r = 1- cos .
Solution
The required area (by symmetry)
= 4 Area in the I quadrant
(See the figure in the next slide.)
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 r = a(1-cos ) r = a(1+cos )

Jan 1, 2022 Presented by Dr. M.S. Radhakrishnan, BITS- Pilani (Hyderabad Campus) 12
  / 2 1cos  /2

  r dr d 2  (1  cos  )  d
2
4
0 r 0 0

 /2
2   1  2cos  cos   d
2

0

 1  3
 2  2     4.
2 2 2 2
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Changing Cartesian Integrals into
Polar Integrals
Sometimes it is easy to evaluate a Cartesian
double integral  f ( x, y)dA   f ( x, y)dx dy
R R

by converting into polar form by the

substitutions x = r cos , y = r sin .
We have to remember that we have to
replace dA = dx dy by dA  r dr d
We explain this by a few examples.
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Problem 2 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097
1 1 x 2
Evaluate
 
1  1 x 2
dy dx

Solution
1
The region of -1 1
integration is clearly
the unit circle.

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Changing into polar coordinates, the given
integral becomes

2 1 2
1
 
r r
drdr
 0 r 0
dd   d
2
=
 0

(as expected).

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Problem 12 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097

1 1 x 2
Evaluate
 
 ( x2  y 2 )
e dy dx
0 0
x2+y2=1
Solution
1
The region of
integration is clearly
the quadrant of the unit
circle in the I Quadrant.
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Changing into polar coordinates, the given
integral becomes
 /2 1 1
 e r
 /2

2

 e er drr dr
r2 r2
dd     d
0 r  0  0 
  2  0
 /2
1  1
  (1  e ) d
1
 (1  ).
 0
2 4 e

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Problem 8 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097
2 x
Evaluate
 y
0 0
dy dx

by converting to polar coordinates. y=x

Solution

0 2
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Changing into polar coordinates, the given
integral becomes
 / 4 2 / cos

 
r
0
sin r r
sin
dr
0
dr dr d

 /4 2 / cos
r 3
 
0
3
 0
sin  d

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  /4
8
 
0
3cos 
3
sin  d

 /4
8 1  4
   
3  2cos   0
2
3

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 2 x
Check:

0 0
y dy dx

2
x
2 2
x  3
4
  dx   
0
2  6 0 3

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Example


e
 x2
Evaluate the improper integral dx
0
Solution

Let I  e  x2
dx
0

e
 y2
I also equals dy
0
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Thus   x2   y 2 
 
I    e dx   e dy 
2

0  0 

 e  ( x2  y 2 )
dy dx
0 0

Thus the region of integration is the first

quadrant of the xy- plane.
Converting this into polar form, we get
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  /2  
 /2
 e r 
2

I   ee r rdrdrdd

2 2
 r r

22
   d
0 0 0  2  0

1 
 
22 4

Hence I  e  x2
dx  
.
0 2
 
e dx  2  e .
2
x  x2
dx 
 0
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Example 2
2 8  y
1
Evaluate
 
0 y 1 x  y 2 2
dx dy

Solution y=x
22
The region of
2
integration is the circle
centre origin, radius 0
22, to the right of
the line y = x in the first quadrant.
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Changing into polar coordinates, the given
integral becomes
 /4 2 2
1 1
 01  1r 2 r 2
r drr d
dr d
0

 /4  /4
 2
2 2

  1 r d   (3  1)d 
 0
  0  0 2

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Problem 10 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097
Evaluate 1 0
4 x y 2 2


1 
 2 1  x2  y 2 dx dy
1 y
1
Solution

-1
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Changing into polar coordinates, the given
integral becomes
3 / 2 1 2
4r 4r
/2 1 0 1r  r
2
r dr
2
dr
dd

3 / 2 3 / 2
1
4 
   /2
 r  tan 1 r  d
0
 
  /2
(4   )d

  4   
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Problem 14 Exercises 10.3 Page 1097
Evaluate 2 0

 
2
xy dx dy
0  1 y 1 2

Solution 2

0
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Changing into polar coordinates, the given
integral becomes
 2sin 

     

4 4 22
r cos
r cos sin
sin dr
dr d
/2 0

 2sin 
r  5
  cos  sin  d 2
5
/2  0
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 
32
    
7
sin cos d
5  /2


32  sin   8
4
    .
5  8  / 2 5

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