SMRA3003

Artificial Intelligence and Experts

Systems
 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging

branch of computer science concerned with
building smart machines capable of performing
tasks that typically require human intelligence.
• Systems that thinks like humans.
• Systems that act like humans.
• Systems that thinks rationally.
• Systems that act rationally.
WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

• Reactive Machines
• Limited Memory
• Theory of Mind
• Self-Awareness
 1.Reactive Machines
• Reactive machines are basic in that they do
not store ‘memories’ or use past experiences
to determine future actions.
• They simply perceive the world and react to it.
IBM’s Deep Blue, which defeated chess
grandmaster Kasporov, is a reactive machine
that sees the pieces on a chess board and
reacts to them.
 2.Limited Memory

• Limited Memory machines can retain data for

a short period of time. While they can use this
data for a specific period of time, they cannot
add it to a library of their experiences.
• Many self-driving cars use Limited Memory
technology: they store data such as the recent
speed of nearby cars, the distance of such cars,
the speed limit, and other information that can
help them navigate roads.
 3. Theory of Mind

• Psychology tells us that people have thoughts,

emotions, memories, and mental models that
drive their behavior.
• Theory of Mind researchers hope to build
computers that imitate our mental models, by
forming representations about the world, and
about other agents and entities in it.
 4.Self-Awareness

• Self-aware machines are the stuff of science

fiction, though many AI enthusiasts believe
them to be the ultimate goal of AI development.
• Even if a machine can operate as a person does,
for example by preserving itself, predicting its
own needs and demands, and relating to others
as an equal, the question of whether a machines
can become truly self-aware, or ‘conscious’, is
best left for philosophers.
 WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

• Siri, Alexa and other smart assistants

• Self-driving cars
• Robo-advisors
• Conversational bots
• Email spam filters
• Netflix's recommendations
 HISTORY OF AI
• Intelligent robots and artificial beings first
appeared in the ancient Greek myths of
Antiquity. Aristotle's development of syllogism
and its use of deductive reasoning was a key
moment in mankind's quest to understand its
own intelligence.
 History of AI in 1940s
• (1943) Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts
publish "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in
Nervous Activity." The paper proposed the first
mathematical model for building a neural network. 
• (1949) In his book The Organization of Behavior: A
Neuropsychological Theory, Donald Hebb proposes
the theory that neural pathways are created from
experiences and that connections between neurons
become stronger the more frequently they're used.
Hebbian learning continues to be an important
model in AI.
 History of AI in 1950s
• (1950) Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence, proposing what is
now known as the Turing Test, a method for
determining if a machine is intelligent. 
• (1950) Harvard undergraduates Marvin Minsky
and Dean Edmonds build SNARC, the first
neural network computer.
• (1950) Claude Shannon publishes the paper
"Programming a Computer for Playing Chess."
 History of AI in 1960s
• (1963) John McCarthy starts the AI Lab at
Stanford.
• (1966) The Automatic Language Processing
Advisory Committee (ALPAC) report by the
U.S. government details the lack of progress in
machine translations research, a major Cold
War initiative with the promise of automatic
and instantaneous translation of Russian.
 History of AI in 1970s
• (1972) The logic programming language
PROLOG is created.
• (1974-1980) Frustration with the progress of
AI development leads to major DARPA
cutbacks in academic grants.
 History of AI in 2000s
• (2005) STANLEY, a self-driving car, wins the
DARPA Grand Challenge.
• (2005) The U.S. military begins investing in
autonomous robots like Boston Dynamics' "Big
Dog" and iRobot's "PackBot."
• (2008) Google makes breakthroughs in speech
recognition and introduces the feature in its
iPhone app. 
 History of AI in 2010 to 2014
• (2011) IBM's Watson trounces the competition
on Jeopardy!. 
• (2011) Apple releases Siri, an AI-powered virtual
assistant through its iOS operating system. 
• (2014) Google makes the first self-driving car to
pass a state driving test. 
• (2014) Amazon's Alexa, a virtual home is
released 
 History of AI in 2015 to 2021
• The first "robot citizen", a humanoid robot named
Sophia, is created by Hanson Robotics and is capable
of facial recognition, verbal communication and
facial expression.
• Baidu releases its Linear Fold AI algorithm to
scientific and medical teams working to develop a
vaccine during the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2
pandemic. The algorithm is able to predict the RNA
sequence of the virus in just 27 seconds, 120 times
faster than other methods.
 Measure Artificial intelligence
• Even if we reach that state where an 
AI can behave as a human does, how can we be
sure it can continue to behave that way? We can
base the human-likeness of an AI entity with the:
• Turing Test
• The Cognitive Modeling Approach
• The Law of Thought Approach
• The Rational Agent Approach
 1. Turing Test (Alan Turing in 1950)
• Turing test is used to determine whether the
can think intelligently like humans.
• The basis of the Turing Test is that the Artificial
Intelligence entity should be able to hold a
conversation with a human agent. 
• The human agent ideally should not able to
conclude that they are talking to an Artificial
Intelligence. To achieve these ends, the AI
needs to possess these qualities:
 Turing Test
• Natural Language Processing to communicate
successfully.
• Knowledge Representation to act as its memory.
• Automated Reasoning to use the stored
information to answer questions and draw new
conclusions.
• Machine Learning to detect patterns and adapt
to new circumstances.
 2.Cognitive Modelling Approach
• As the name suggests, this approach tries to
build an Artificial Intelligence model based on
Human Cognition. To distil the essence of the
human mind, there are 3 approaches:
 Cognitive Modelling Approach
• Introspection: observing our thoughts, and
building a model based on that
• Psychological Experiments: conducting
experiments on humans and  observing their
behavior
• Brain Imaging: Using MRI to observe how the
brain functions in different scenarios and
replicating that through code.
 3.The Laws of Thought Approach
• The Laws of Thought are a large list of logical statements
that govern the operation of our mind. The same laws can
be codified and applied to artificial intelligence algorithms.
• The issues with this approach, because solving a problem
in principle (strictly according to the laws of thought) and
solving them in practice can be quite different, requiring
contextual nuances to apply.
• Also, there are some actions that we take without being
100% certain of an outcome that an algorithm might not
be able to replicate if there are too many parameters.
 4. The Rational Agent Approach 

• A rational agent acts to achieve the best possible

outcome in its present circumstances.
• According to the Laws of Thought approach, an entity
must behave according to the logical statements. But
there are some instances, where there is no logical
right thing to do, with multiple outcomes involving
different outcomes and corresponding compromises.
• The rational agent approach tries to make the best
possible choice in the current circumstances. It means
that it’s a much more dynamic and adaptable agent.