History of AI

• From Fiction to Fact-- The Birth of AI:

• The field of AI research was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth College during the summer of 1956.

• Earlier names for the field of “thinking machines” was “Cybernetics”, “autamota theory” and “information processing”.

• It was John McCarthy, Assistant Professor of Maths at Dartmouth College, who organised this 6 weeks workshop and gave this new field the
name “Artificial Intelligence”

• The Workshop’s mission Statement: “The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any
other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. An attempt will
be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for
humans, and improve themselves.”

• Many of the scientists who attended this workshop predicted that a robot as intelligent as humans will become reality in 25 years. Millions od
dollars were pledged for this to happen

• Twenty years later the US and UK governments stopped funding Ai research because not much progress was being made. The seven years of
non-funding was known as the AI Winter. There was not enough memory or processing speed to accomplish anything truly useful.

• In1980, interest and funding was rekindled through a Japanese government initiative, but soon died again till 2005.

• With the success of machine learning and the availability of Big Data, AI began to boom again and this interest and funding continues .
 History of AI
• Algorithms and Machine Learning:
• Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the process of human thought can be mechanized.
• The name algorithm came from the name of the Arab mathematician AL Khwarizmi
• In 1951, Marvin Minsky with Dean Edmonds, built the first neural net machine, the SNARC, Stochastic
Neural Analog Reinforcement Calculator, that started to mimic the human brain.
• In 1955, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "Logic Theorist“ that solved the venerable
mystery of mind\body existence. Was the mind an ethereal substance that was not made of matter?
These people proved that the mind was a replicable neural network that worked on chemistry and
electricity, whereas theirs worked on mechanical parts, electricity and algorithms!
• Alan Turing: In 1950 Alan Turing published a landmark paper in which he speculated about the
possibility of creating machines that think
• The Turing Test: If a machine could carry on a conversation (over a teleprinter) that was indistinguishable
from a conversation with a human being, then it was reasonable to say that the machine was "thinking".
• The Turing test was the first serious proposal in the philosophy of Artificial Intelligence
• Game AI in Checkers and Chess continued to be used as a measure of progress of AI from the 1950s
onwards.
 History of AI
• Joseph Weizenbaum in 1960 created the chatterbox, Eliza, the first Alexa.
• Eliza could carry out conversations that were so realistic that users occasionally were
fooled into thinking they were communicating with a human being and not a program
• The rise of expert systems in the 1980s: programs that answer questions or solves problems about
a specific domain of knowledge, using logical rules that are derived from the knowledge of experts.
• In Japan, Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed
the WABOT-1, the world's first full-scale "intelligent" humanoid robot or android.
• Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport
objects with hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances
and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its
conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an
artificial mouth
• Expert systems became a multi-billion dollar business and revived interest in AI
 History of AI
• Expert systems began to teach scientists that “intelligence” is all about having
knowledge in a domain area with the help of data-large data!
• Meanwhile, the exponential increase in computing power between 1993 and
2011 was a major factor in the progress of “weak AI”.
• Deep Blue's computer was 10 million times faster than the Ferranti Mark 1 that
Christopher Strachey taught to play chess in 1951.
• This dramatic increase is measured by Moore's law, which predicts that the speed
and memory capacity of computers doubles every two years, as a result of metal–
oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistor counts doubling every two years.
 AI Terminology
• Big data refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed, and
processed by conventional software tools within a certain time frame.
• Big data means that instead of random analysis (sample survey), all data is used
for analysis!
• General intelligence is the ability to solve any problem, rather than finding a
solution to a particular problem. Artificial general intelligence (or "AGI") is a
program which can apply intelligence to a wide variety of problems, in much the
same was humans can. Also referred to as "strong AI“.
 Ethical Issues with Weak AI
• Ethical Issues Pertaining to Economics
• 4IR

• Poverty and UMI

• Ethical Issues Pertaining to Power

• Digital Divide Re-visited

• Ethical Issues Pertaining to Society

• Technological Slavery- The Una Bomber
 AI and the Future of Work
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing form of technology with the
potential to drastically reshape employment

• Automation will affect 35% of employment in Finland (25), 59% of employment in

Germany (26), and 45 to 60% of employment across Europe and 47% in the US.

• Robots are expanding in magnitude around the developed world. . In 2013, for
example, there were an estimated 1.2 million robots in use. This total rose to
around 1.5 million in 2014 and is projected to increase to about 1.9 million in
2017
 New Management Roles for 4IR
• Head of Work Reinvention and Reskilling:
• Leads the effort to map the skills of the current workforce, reinvent jobs, identify future skills required and optimize
how work is done. They champion the view that “no one is left behind” due to technology and automation in the 4IR
• Bot Monitor:
• As chatbots become a more prevalent part of how employees engage with the organization, there is a growing need
for the capability within HR to adopt, manage, monitor and train these bots—which are increasingly the most visible
and critical element of how the employee experience is shaped.
• Chief Learning Officers:
• They use their knowledge of the adult learning process and passion for lifelong learning to organize and implement
upskilling, reskilling and personalized learning with an enhanced suite of digital tools
• HR Data Scientist:
• Is an expert on people data and systems. They use the vast amount of HR data to analyse employees and their
experience, reduce hiring bias, and identify performance drivers and avenues to better manage the workforce
• Digital HR Lead:
• Keep track of emerging HR technologies, and identify and partner with the most appropriate technology vendors and
platforms for the organization
 Autonomous Moral Agents—Strong AI
• Sentience: The capacity for phenomenal experience or qualia, such as the capacity to feel pain
and pleasure

• Sapience: A set of capacities associated with higher intelligence, such as self-awareness and
being a reason-responsive agent

• Principle of Substrate Non-discrimination: If two beings have the same functionality and the
same conscious experience and differ only in its substrate, then they have the same moral status

• Principle of Ontogeny Non-discrimination: If two beings have the same functionality and the
same conscious experience and differ only in how they came into existence, then they have the
same moral status.
 The Value Alignment Problem

• How do you ensure that the values of AMAs are aligned to that of Human Beings?
• Due to the inherent autonomy of these systems, the ethical considerations have to be conducted by themselves. This means,
that these autonomous cognitive machines are in need of a theory, with the help of which they can, in a specific situation,
choose the action that adheres best to the moral standards.
• Which Ethical Tradition between Deontology, Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics is currently favoured and why?
• Deontology has a serious problem when it comes to ethical dilemmas. To lie to save a life..not allowed in Deontology. Easy to
algorithimize this in an AMA, but then the answer is no better than what a human can provide.
• There is no room for learning in Deontology—the imperatives are categorical. Besides, how do assess the motives?
• Utilitarianism as an ethical theory for AMAs fails again in the need for hedonistic calculations. The time available to do this
calculation and the act is so limited. And rules are not always clear on certain issues like gay relationships or euthanasia.
• The calculation becomes even more complicated when fecundity and propinquity have to be considered.
• AI Ethicists and Engineers are veering towards Virtue Ethics of Aristotle
 Should We Allow AGIs?—The Control and
Containment Problem
• True AGIs will be capable of universal problem solving and recursive self-improvement.

• Consequently, they have potential of outcompeting humans in any domain essentially making humankind
unnecessary and so subject to extinction.

• Kurzweil holds that “intelligence is inherently impossible to control,” and that despite any human attempts at
taking precautions, by definition . . . intelligent entities have the cleverness to easily overcome such barriers.”

• This presents us with perhaps the ultimate challenge of machine ethics: How do you build an AI which, when
it executes, becomes more ethical than you?

• “AI Safety Engineering” field emerging: A common theme in AI safety research is the possibility of keeping a
superintelligent agent in a sealed hardware so as to prevent it from doing any harm to humankind-- Eric
Drexler
 Mo Gawdat
: AI Today, Tomorrow and H
ow You Can Save Our World
(Nordic Business Forum 20
 What is Human Personhood?
• Immanence : Whereby we are embodied spirits, ends-in-themselves, with a
human and divine destiny.

• Individuality: Unique, non-repeatable, irreducible and irreplaceable

We do not live, move and have our being in isolation

• Sociality:
We have a soul that is immortal, thereby connecting us to
an immortal “Other”
• Transcendence:
“ The postulate that personhood is a distinctly human
state within the natural order is basically an assertion
of human exceptionalism. ”
“ Humanity as characterized by morality and
personhood requires no divine principle, nor Imago
Dei, but only the relentless force of natural selection”

- Charles Darwin
 What is Human Enhancement
• Making something better than it was before by the technological,
genetic, or chemical improvements to the ‘species-specific’ normal of
healthy human beings. Enhancement is therefore distinct from
therapy, which would involve making some “abnormality” more
“normal”.

• The enhancement options being discussed include radical extension of human health-span,
eradication of disease, elimination of unnecessary suffering, and augmentation of human
intellectual, physical, and emotional capacities
 The Age of Transhumanism

• Exactly like the philosophy of the Enlightenment, it is transhumanism that is based on the
claim that human nature can be corrected.

• Transhumanism is thus called evolutionary humanism, where evolution is seen as a

progression from human to transhuman to posthuman.

• Man should not be afraid of being dehumanized even if the result of this process means
disconnecting him from the homo sapiens species.

• The post homo sapiens state is post-human, but not post-existential. Transhumanism
introduces the category of a cyborg, a person of second stage evolution
 What Are The Human Enhancements So Far?
• The Bionic Man-Jesse Sullivan
• Braingate--allows a person to manipulate objects in the world using only the mind
• Cochlear Implants and Night Vision and Silent Talk
• Affective BCIs: Electrocorticography (ECoG) and Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Exoskeletons and Flexible Battlesuits-MIT’s Soldier Nanotechnologies
• Reciprocyte-an artificial nano-red blood vessel
• Pharmacological Enhancements. Stimulant drugs-Ritalin and Adderall, used by
many college students to boost concentration and ward off sleep; Provigil, used
to improve working memory and brighten mood; Anabolic steroids ; Viagra;
Aricept-improves verbal and visual memory; Resvestrol– life extender.
 What Are The Human Enhancements So Far?
• Hans Moravec, former director of robotics at Carnegie-Mellon University and
developer of advanced robots for both NASA and the military, popularized the
idea of living perpetually via a digital substrate.

• He envisioned a procedure in which the entirety of the information encoded

within the neurons of a human brain could be read, copied, and uploaded to a
computer
• Immortality through software existence.

• Embodied Cognition is the opposite of brain emulation. That the body is an

extension of the mind and helps the mind to think and recognize and decide.
 The Ethics of Human Enhancement
• Ethical Issues of Affective Brain–Computer Interfaces: a system that uses
neurophysiological signals to extract features that are related to affective states
(e.g. emotions and moods). Data protection and informed consent, neurohacking,
marketing and political manipulation, inauthentic\fake emotions
• Exacerbated Social Inequality
• Exacerbated Corporate Inequality at all Managerial Levels
• The Ethics of Autonomy , Choice and Social Life of the first Transhumans
• The Ethics of the Emaciated Family
• The Ethics of the Imbalanced Transhuman
• The Geo-Ethics of the Aryan Race
• Decease-free longevity for the privileged
• Superintelligence for the enhanced
“ The postulate that personhood is a distinctly
Human Cyborg | Documentary | Transhumanism | Neuroscience - YouTube

human state within the natural order is

basically an assertion of human
exceptionalism. ”