Locating & Neighbour Relations: Fatih Mehmet Zeybekci Network Planning & Optimisation Eng

LOCATING &
NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS
FATIH MEHMET ZEYBEKCI
Network Planning & Optimisation Eng.
Based on:
CONTENTS:
 Importance of neighbour relations
 Locating & Handover Procedures
 Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS)
 OL/UL Subcells
 Cell Load Sharing (CLS)
09/Nov/2000 prepared by Fa 2
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Importance of Neighbour
relations
 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS:
 Interference
 Missing Neighbours
 Multiple Servers
 Wrong Traffic Dimensioning (High
Traffic & Blocking)
 Failed Handovers
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Neighbour Relations
 Measurement Procedures
 Measurements in IDLE mode
 Measurements in ACTIVE
mode
 Locating
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
IDLE mode  When an MS is in idle mode (powered on and not on a
Measurements: call), it measures carrier frequencies to see if it should
remain in the serving cell or select a new cell as the
serving cell. The MS scans all radio frequency channels
in the system, and calculates average power levels for
each.
 The MS tunes to the strongest carrier and determines if
it is a BCCH carrier. If so, the MS reads the BCCH data
to find out if the cell can be locked to (chosen PLMN,
barred cell, etc.). Otherwise, the MS tunes to the second
strongest cell, etc.
 Once the MS has camped on the BCCH in a cell, the MS
receives a bit-map describing which BCCH frequencies
neighboring cells use. Up to 32 BCCH frequencies can
be set to define neighboring cells.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
IDLE mode Cell Selection Process
Measurements:
ALGORITHM
Tune to the RF-channel Scan 124 RF channels and measure
with the highest signal signal strength for 3-5 seconds
strength not already tried
Tune to the RF channel with the high-est
received average signal strength
Determine if it is a BCCH carrier by

searching for frequency correction bursts
No Is it a BCCH
carrier?
Yes
The MS shall attempt to synchronize
to this carrier and read BCCH info
No Is it the wanted
PLMN?
Yes
Yes Is the cell
barred for access?
No
No Is C1 > 0?
Yes
Camp on this cell
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
IDLE mode Cell Selection Process
Measurements:
The path loss criterion parameters C1 and C2 used for cell

selection/re-selection is defined by:
C1 Criterion
C1>0
C1=( received_signal_level - ACCMIN) - max(CCHPWR - P,0)
 ACCMIN - minimum received signal in MS to allow access (-110dBm)

 CCHPWR - maximum MS power at access (MSTXPWR)
 P - maximum power output of MS according to its class (33dBm Class2
mobiles)
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
IDLE mode
Measurements: Cell Re-Selection Process
C2 Criterion
 C2¹ = C1+CRO-TO* q(PT- T);........... PT≠31

 C2¹ = C1-CRO .................................. PT=31
q(x)= 0, x<0
1, x≥0
 CRO - Cell reselection offset

 TO - Temporary negativ offset
 PT - Timer for a temporary offset
 T - Timer
 ¹ C2 is only supported by phase 2 mobiles
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
IDLE mode Cell Re-Selection Process
Measurements:
C2 Criterion
 The serving cell becomes barred

 Repeated unsuccessfull access attempts (MAXRET)
(1,2,4,7)
 Downlink signalling failure
 C1<0 for serving cell more than 5s
 C2 neighbour > C2 serving (+CRH) more than 5s (defult
4dBm)
Decoding of BSIC and BCCH Data

BSIC BCCH data
Serving - at least every 30 sec
six n-cells at least every 30 sec at least every 5 min
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
ACTIVE mode During a call, the MS reports continuously to the system via
SACCH how strong the received signal strength is from the
Measurements: neighboring cells that it has been told to measure. The official
format of these measurements is a Measurement Report which is
transmitted every 480ms. These measurements are used by the
BSC to make decisions about target cells if handover is required.
Measurements on neighboring cells during a call take place
between the time the MS is transmitting and receiving
information and hence the procedure at the MS is: receive-
transmit-measure-receive-transmit-measure.
 The signal strength of the serving cell is monitored during
reception of the time slot allocated to the MS. On a SACCH, the
MS is informed which BCCH carriers in neighboring cells to
measure. The signal strength of these are measured one by one.
The mean values of the measurements for a maximum of 32
carrier frequencies are then derived and reported to the BSC.
Each measurement is matched to its corresponding BTS identity.
The BTS identity is contained in the BSIC sent on SCH. Thus,
during the idle frame on the TCH, BSICs for neighboring BTSs
are read. The BSICs of the six neighboring cells with the highest
mean signal strength are then reported to BSC in the
Measurement report via SACCH.
 1. MS receives and measures SS on serving cell, TS2.
 2. MS transmits.
 3. MS measures SS for at least one of the surrounding cells.
 4. MS reads BSIC on SCH (TS0) for one of the surrounding cells.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
ACTIVE mode MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurements: The MS measures the signal strength of neighboring cells on
the Broadcast carrier. The MS reads the SCH of each
neighboring cell. On the SCH the MS receives the BSIC.
When power is turned on or when the MS enters a new cell,
the MS is provided with a list of neighboring cells to measure.
This list is stored in both the MS and in the BSC. In the MS,
there is a list with 124, 374 or 299 multiple positions which are
equal to the number of carrier frequencies depending on the
system (GSM 900/1800/1900). Each neighboring cell the MS is
told to measure is noted by setting a flag on the list.
The MS sends complete measurement reports to the BSC, on
SACCH every 480ms (4 SACCHs x 4.615ms x 26 TCHs). One
measurement report contains the signal strength and quality
measured on the downlink for the serving cell and the
measured signal strength for a maximum of six neighboring
cells. These measurement reports are received at the BTS,
where the BTS adds the signal strength and quality of this
connection on the uplink. The reports are then received at the
BSC where they are used as an input to the locating
algorithm.
After processing the reports, the locating algorithm result is a
list of possible handover candidates called the PO-cell list.
Each neighboring cell is ranked using the reported signal
strength. If the serving cell is at the top of the list (that is, has
the strongest signal strength) then no handover takes place.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
ACTIVE mode Layout of MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurements:
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Neighbour Relations
 Measurement Procedures
 Measurements in IDLE mode
 Measurements in ACTIVE mode
 Locating
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING PROCESS & MEASURENT PROCEDURE:
The handover decisions are based on signal
strength and signal quality measurements
performed by the mobile station. The MS
measures the strength of the radio signal from
the base station that serves the connection.
In addition, it measures the signal strength of the
BCCH carrier frequency from the surrounding
cells. These measurements are used in a
comparison, in order to find the "best" server.
The BSC sends a list to the MSs containing the
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
(ARFCN) for the handover candidates, the so
called BCCH Allocation (BA) list (see User
Description, Double BA Lists). The maximum
number of frequencies in this list is 32.
Every 120 ms (once in a 26 frames multiframe)
there is an idle frame in the TCH that allows the
MS to tune to the frequencies specified in the BA
list and try to decode the synchronization bursts.
This burst contains the Base Station Identity
Code (BSIC) that includes the Network Colour
Code (NCC).Parameter NCCPERM defines the
permitted NCCs. If the MS can detect the
synchronization burst and decode it, it checks if
the NCC is permitted.
The MS reports every SACCH period the six
strongest candidates for which it during the last
10 seconds has succeeded to decode the BSIC
(containing a permitted NCC).
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING ALGORTHM
The locating algorithm serves the purpose of providing a list of possible
cell candidates, in descending ranking order, for handover. The channel
allocation and handover signaling is not considered part of the locating
algorithm. The algorithm consists of eight stages in the figure.
Initiations
A locating individual is the software process that handles Locating and the
auxiliary radio network functions. It is activated as a result of immediate
assignment, assignment or handover. This means that all types of circuit
switched connections: speech connections, data traffic, SMS messages,
location updating, supplementary services, emergency calls etc.- are
handled by Locating. Handover on a Stand-alone Dedicated Control
Channel (SDCCH) can however be inhibited with parameter SCHO.
Filtering
Measured values (for signal strength, quality and timing advance) are
filtered by performing an averaging of a number of consecutive
measurements.
Urgency conditions
Two types of urgency conditions are evaluated: bad signal quality and
excessive timing advance. The signal quality is evaluated in the uplink as
well as in the downlink.
Basic ranking
A basic ranking list of cell candidates is prepared. The Ericsson GSM
Systems provides two algorithms for basic ranking: Ericsson1 and
Ericsson3. The Ericsson1 ranking (also called K/L-ranking) takes both
signal strength and path loss into account. The Ericsson3 ranking only
considers signal strength.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING ALGORTHM
Auxiliary radio network functions evaluations
The criteria for Overlaid/Underlaid Subcell Change,
Hierarchical Cell Structures, Intra-cell Handover, Assignment
to Another Cell, Extended Range and Cell Load Sharing are
evaluated.
Organizing the list
All cells are organized into one final candidate list according to
rules that are defined by the outcome of the urgency
conditions, the overlaid/underlaid evaluations, the hierarchical
cell structures evaluations, intra-cell handover evaluations and
cell load sharing evaluations. Additional locating criteria are
applied in order to remove unsuitable candidates.
Sending the list
The candidate list is sent for further processing to be used for
channel allocation.
Allocation reply
The outcome of the channel allocation determines the action.
At success, the connection is transferred to another channel
and the locating processing is transferred to a new locating
individual. At congestion or signaling failure, the connection
remains.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING ALGORTHM
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING
The following factors affect the handover performance:
• the frequency plan, especially for the BCCH carriers,

• the values of the hysteresis,
• the filter lengths,
• the BSIC planning,
• the length of the active mode BA list,
• the defined neighbours,
• the settings of parameters controlling timing advance and
bad quality urgency handover,
• the settings of parameters controlling Assignment to Other
Cell,
• the values of the layer change thresholds when more than one
hierarchical layer is used.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING The frequency plan
A good frequency plan is the basic requirement for successful handover
performance. It is especially important that the BCCH carriers are well planned.
Otherwise, there is a risk that the MSs, due to bad signal quality, will need a
longer time to decode the BSIC, which results in a slow handover procedure.
The hysteresis
The hysteresis concept is used in locating to control the load caused by
handovers and to avoid frequent handovers. A high value of the hysteresis
reduces the number of handovers but also increases the risk of delaying
handovers so that calls are dropped, due to C/I or C/A problem. A low value
of the hysteresis increases the risk of triggering handover too often.
The filter lengths
The length of the locating filters affect the handovers in a similar way as
the hysteresis. If the signal strength filter length is short, the signal noise is
not smoothed out sufficiently and the amount of handovers becomes high.
A long filter delays the handover and increases the risk that the handovers
are performed too late.
The same arguments are valid for the effect of the locating quality filter (as
defined by QEVALSD etc.). A short filter length makes it possible to quickly
trigger a handover but the risk of "unnecessary" handovers increases.
When setting the length of the quality filter, it is also important to consider
power control. The locating filters control bad quality urgency and intra-cell
handover. The power control filters control upregulation of the output power
at bad quality. The filter lengths and the thresholds should be coordinated so
that the upregulation is the fastest of the three mechanisms, if possible.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING In this way, some bad quality urgency handovers and some intra- cell handovers
might be avoided. To take advantage of the assignment to better cell feature,
especially important for dual band networks, the characteristics signal strength
filter for the signaling channel must be chosen carefully. The type of filter should
be one for which the ramping length can be specified separately from the filter,
which means SSEVALSI = 6 to 9. The ramping length must be short, SSRAMPSI = 1.
Otherwise the assignment might be completed before the better cell candidate is
found by locating. The filter length SSLENSI does not influence the performance in
this respect, since the filter length is the same as the number of samples when the
filter is not filled.
The BSIC planning
Accurate BSIC planning is essential for interference control. Suppose that the
same BSIC is used in two co-channel cells which are not far enough from each
other. In this case the MS might measure and report the wrong cell of the two, i.e.
the cell which is not defined as neighbour. This can result in a handover attempt to
the other of the two cells, the one which is defined as a neighbour. This handover
will fail. If the BCCH carriers are planned separately from the traffic carriers, for
instance using a reuse of 12, then all cells in a BCCH cluster can be assigned the
same Base station Colour Code (BCC). This type of planning has the additional
benefit that the Training Sequence Code (TSC), is well planned as well. TSC is
determined by the BCC and automatically assigned to the cell (except for overlaid
subcells. Cells which are located at very high positions can be assigned another
Network Colour Code (NCC), since an operator normally has the possibility to use
more than one NCC. Thus, these cells will be given an almost unique combination
of BSIC and BCCH carrier. The permitted network colour code, NCCPERM, should
of course correspond to the defined NCCs.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING The active mode BA-list
It is possible to have up to 32 frequencies in the active mode BA-list but it is
desirable to have a fairly short measurement list since this gives better handover
performance. It is desirable to have an active mode BA list with less than 16
frequencies, unless it is for dual band networks which may need more
frequencies in the active mode BA-list. An optimized active mode BA-list should
only include the BCCH carriers of neighbouring cells ( not the serving BCCH
carrier). However, if 12 frequencies are reserved for BCCH carriers, then for
practical reasons, all but serving BCCH carrier can be in this list, except maybe
for microcells where an even shorter list might be desired. However, an exception
is cells located at very high positions, where it often is necessary to have a long
active mode measurement list. Note The ARFCNs for the BCCH frequencies of the
neighbouring cells must be in the active mode BA list if a handover shall be
possible.
Neighbour definitions
If the MS measures the BCCH frequency of a cell which is not defined as a
neighbour, handover can of course not be performed to this cell. Only cells that
are believed to be "real" handover candidates should be defined as neighbours.
This makes the system easier to troubleshoot. If the Neighbouring Cell Support
(NCS) application in the Radio Network Optimisation (RNO) package in OSS is
used, then the "real" handover candidates can be found in an easy way.
Otherwise STS data can be collected for a long time (a few weeks) and if no
handovers have been performed for this relation, then it can probably be deleted.
It is possible to define up to 64 neighbours for each cell. A neighbouring cell is
either internal or external. Internal neighbours are neighbouring cells belonging
to the same BSC, and external neighbours cells are defined in another BSC.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING The identity of the neighbouring cell is defined by the parameter CELLR. All
neighbour relations are mutual (unless explicitly specified or external relations).
That is, if cell B is defined as a neighbour to cell A (CELLR = B), then cell A is
automatically defined as a neighbour to cell B. The hysteresis values defined in
cell
A will be the same (symmetric relation) as in cell B. The offset parameters in cell B
will have the same absolute values but opposite sign (anti-symmetric relation) as
the offset parameters in cell A. In special cases the relation can be defined as
single for a neighbour belonging to the same BSC.
Urgency conditions parameters
If TALIM is set too low and BQOFFSET is set too high, the performance might
degrade, due to the fact that a call can be transferred to an even worse cell. It is
recommended to use bad quality urgency handover, which is achieved by setting
QLIMDL and QLIMUL to a value lower than 70. Suitable values for QLIMDL and
QLIMUL are 55 to 60 for a system using frequency hopping (depending among
others on the number of frequencies in the hopping set) and 45 for a non-hopping
system.
It is reasonable to set BQOFFSET equal to KHYST for Ericsson1 and BQOFFSET
equal to HIHYST (or LOHYST) for Ericsson3 as default and to increase the value in
problem areas after investigation. PSSBQ should be larger than
BQOFFSET KHYST (or LHYST) for Ericsson1 and
BQOFFSET HIHYST (or LOHYST) for Ericsson3 to minimize the risk of
immediate handback.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING To avoid handover back to a lower layer micro-cell, it is sufficient to punish it with
the amount of dB that ensures that it will be ranked as below its threshold. A
suitable value for PTIMBQ is found by performing test drives with a test mobile. It
can be different in different areas. If most MSs are believed to be moving slowly, a
high value might be considered. If a high value is used, for instance 25 second it is
necessary to be careful with the setting of PSSBQ. Then a low value for PSSBQ can
be considered, for example 6 dB. If KHYST is set to 3 dB, this will have the effect
that the old cell has to be 9 dB stronger in order to be handed over to as long as the
penalty is valid. It is also very important to do drive tests in other areas covered by
the cell when using high penalty values. PSSBQ and PTIMBQ are cell parameters
and do also affect other neighbour relations than the one that had a certain
problem.
It is important to be aware that intra-cell handover has priority over bad quality
urgency handover if both conditions are fulfilled. Thus, if the criteria for intra-cell
handover and bad quality urgency handover are fulfilled simultaneously, intra-cell
handover will be attempted first. This implies that if the intra-cell handover does not
improve the quality, the bad quality urgency handover will be delayed for a period
of time defined by the setting of the parameters TINIT, TIHO and MAXIHO.
However the new allocation of a channel at intra-cell handover will first request a
channel on a different frequency and therefore have higher possibility, than before,
to improve the quality.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
LOCATING Assignment to Another Cell
If AWOFFSET is set too high, then calls can be set up in a cell which can not serve
the connection. This can result in dropped calls, failed urgency handovers etc. If
the call is set up in a very bad cell, there might be an instantaneous bad quality
handover to an even worse cell. Sometimes the MS sets up the call in a cell which
is not the best one from a network optimization point view. The MS might have
moved fast in idle mode and not yet realized that a new cell is stronger. Another
case is when the MS is within the coverage of a micro-cell, but camping on a
macro-cell since it is stronger. The same is valid for the dual band case when
camping on the 900 cell but the 1800 cell is preferred. In these cases a handover to
the desired cell will occur as soon as TINIT has expired in the first (serving) cell.
The feature Assignment to Another Cell can avoid these "unnecessary" handover
cases. Note If the parameter FASTASSIGN is set to 1 the BSC will not wait for any
measurement results before it assigns a traffic channel. This will improve the call
set-up time but also disable Assignment to Other Cell.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Hierarchical Cell
Structures (HCS)
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS)
What Can Be Achieved?
 Network in two or three layers

Large cells as umbrella cells and small
cells to provide extra“hot spot” capacity
 HCS makes it possible to pass

between layers in a controlled way
 Traffic is directed to lower layers
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
R7 Structure R8 Structure
1800 MHz 1800 MHz 900 MHz 900 MHz
dedicated for indoor dedicated subband
Band 2 Band 4 Band 6 Band 8
Layer 2 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 5 Layer 7 Layer 6
Pico micro macro pico/micro micro macro
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
For each cell in layer 1 and layer 2
 Signal strength threshold LEVTHR

 Hysteresis LEVHYST
Algorithm
 Signal strength threshold exists for each cell in layer 1 and 2
 Hand over to higher layer cell or cell in same or lower layer is
performed when signal strength falls below threshold.
Threshold
For the serving cell, the threshold is; For neighboring cells, the threshold is;
LEVTHR s -LEVHYST s LEVTHR n +LEVHYST n
SS in serving cell, layer 1 SS in neighboring cell, layer 1 or 2
LEVTHR s - LEVHYST s SSneighbor
SSserving LEVTHR n + LEVHYST n
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Fast Moving Mobiles
 To prevent fast moving mobiles from doing HO to lower
layer cells, a penalty is used
 PSSTEMP penalty SS offset
 PTIMTEMP penalty duration
 FASTMSREG - activates the registration of fast
moving MSs
 THO - time interval to measure the number of HO
 NHO - the number of inter-cell HOs ( during THO ) which
labels an MS as fast.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Overlaid/Underlaid Subcells
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Why OL/UL Subcells?
 The frequencies allocated to the OL subcell cause

and suffer less from interference. An OL subcell
make it possible to use forbidden frequencies.
 Increased Overall Capacity: A tighter frequency re-

use can be applied in the OL subcells giving more
frequencies per cell.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Normal cell UL subcell
f1
f1, f2, f3, f4 f2, f3, f4
OL subcell covering
only a part of the original
cell.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Subcell Change UL to OL Subcell Change OL to UL

(SubCell Load Distribution, (SubCell Load Distribution,
SCLD, Inactive) SCLD, Inactive)
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
OL/UL Subcell Change (SCLD Active)
 UL subcell as first choice so if capacity exist,use UL

 If OL cell has lower C/I than UL due to tighter frequency re-use,
this is good
 Every SCLD interval, specified by parameter SCLDTIMEINT, the
traffic load in the UL subcell that are active for SCLD are
examined for SCLD.
Handovers
Subcell Load Distribution inactive
 Possible to make handover from either the OL or the UL subcell
in the serving cell to either the OL or the UL subcell in the target
cell.
 Handover to an OL subcell is only allowed if the the OL subcell
is co-sited (indicated by the parameter CS).
Subcell Load Distribution active
 Handovers to another cell are only possible to the UL subcell.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Cell Load Sharing (CLS)
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Cell Load Sharing Consists of the Following

Activities:
 the traffic load in the cells are monitored

 if a cell has too high load, MSs close to the cell border
are made to perform a handover
 the handovers are carried out if the receiving cell has
low enough load
Note: Load share evaluations are only performed for
existing TCH-connections, i.e. it is not applied during
the assignment phase.
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Load Monitoring
The measure of the load is the percentage of idle TCHs. There are
two levels:
 CLSLEVEL
if the amount of idle traffic channels is equal to or decreases below
CLSLEVEL in a cell, that cell tries to rid itself of some traffic by
initiating load sharing handover to neighboring cells
 CLSACC
if the amount of idle traffic channels is above load CLSACC in a
cell, that cell is prepared to accept incoming load sharing handovers
from other cells.
CLS Conditions
Locating conditions
 CLS HO is not allowed during assignment
 CLS HO is not allowed if there is an urgency condition
Conditions for neighboring cell
 The cell belongs to the same BSC
 The cell belongs to the same HCS-layer
 Incoming CLS handovers are allowed (HOCLSACC=ON)
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Hysteresis Reduction:
Affected Hysteresis Conditions for Receiving Cell:

KHYST
LHYST
}ERICSSON1
HIHYST
}
LOHYST ERICSSON3
TRHYST
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI
Finally, Neighbour Relationships are affected
directly to the Performance of the Network
And the Quality.
THE END
Thanks to
tih Mehmet ZEYBEKCI

Locating & Neighbour Relations: Fatih Mehmet Zeybekci Network Planning & Optimisation Eng

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Locating & Neighbour Relations: Fatih Mehmet Zeybekci Network Planning & Optimisation Eng

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LOCATING &

Determine if it is a BCCH carrier by

The path loss criterion parameters C1 and C2 used for cell

C1=( received_signal_level - ACCMIN) - max(CCHPWR - P,0)

 ACCMIN - minimum received signal in MS to allow access (-110dBm)

 C2¹ = C1+CRO-TO* q(PT- T);........... PT≠31

 CRO - Cell reselection offset

 The serving cell becomes barred

Decoding of BSIC and BCCH Data

• the frequency plan, especially for the BCCH carriers,

 Network in two or three layers

 HCS makes it possible to pass

 Traffic is directed to lower layers

Band 2 Band 4 Band 6 Band 8

Layer 2 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 5 Layer 7 Layer 6

Pico micro macro pico/micro micro macro

 Signal strength threshold LEVTHR

SS in serving cell, layer 1 SS in neighboring cell, layer 1 or 2

LEVTHR s - LEVHYST s SSneighbor

SSserving LEVTHR n + LEVHYST n

Why OL/UL Subcells?

 The frequencies allocated to the OL subcell cause

 Increased Overall Capacity: A tighter frequency re-

Normal cell UL subcell

f1, f2, f3, f4 f2, f3, f4

Subcell Change UL to OL Subcell Change OL to UL

 UL subcell as first choice so if capacity exist,use UL

Cell Load Sharing Consists of the Following

 the traffic load in the cells are monitored

Affected Hysteresis Conditions for Receiving Cell:

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