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SPECTROMETRY
A guide for A level students
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2015
SPECIFICATIONS
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
MASS SPECTROMETRY
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand
selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of
the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may
be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available
from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm
CONTENTS
• Prior knowledge
• Background information
• The basic parts of a mass spectrometer
• The four stages of obtaining a spectrum
• How different ions are deflected
• Calculating molecular masses using mass spectra
• Example questions
• Test questions
• Other uses of mass spectrometry
• Check list
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Francis Aston
Particles with a large m/z value are deflected least
those with a low m/z value are deflected most.
USES
Mass spectrometry was initially used to show the identity of isotopes.
It is now used to calculate molecular masses and characterise new compounds
A MASS SPECTROMETER
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
IONISATION
• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are IONISED
• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
HOW DOES IT WORK?
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
IONISATION
• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are IONISED
• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION
• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
HOW DOES IT WORK?
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
IONISATION
• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are IONISED
• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION
• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
DEFLECTION
• charged particles will be DEFLECTED by a magnetic or electric field
HOW DOES IT WORK?
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
IONISATION
• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are IONISED
• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION
• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
DEFLECTION
• charged particles will be DEFLECTED by a magnetic or electric field
DETECTION
• by electric or photographic methods
HOW DOES IT WORK?
DETECTOR
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
IONISATION
• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are IONISED
• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION
• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
DEFLECTION
• charged particles will be DEFLECTED by a magnetic or electric field
DETECTION
• by electric or photographic methods
HOW DOES IT WORK? - Deflection
Ne
20
Ne
21
Ne
22
HEAVIER ISOTOPES
ARE DEFLECTED LESS
• the radius of the path depends on the value of the mass/charge ratio (m/z)
• ions of heavier isotopes have larger m/z values so follow a larger radius curve
• as most ions are 1+charged, the amount of separation depends on their mass
HOW DOES IT WORK? - Deflection
20
Ne 2+ ions 1+ ions
21
Ne 20
Ne
ABUNDANCE
22
Ne
22
Ne
• the radius of the path depends on the value of the mass/charge ratio (m/z)
• ions of heavier isotopes have larger m/z values so follow a larger radius curve
• as most ions are 1+charged, the amount of separation depends on their mass
• if an ion acquires a 2+ charge it will be deflected more; its m/z value is halved
WHAT IS A MASS SPECTRUM?
20
Ne 90.92%
MASS
SPECTRUM
OF NEON
21
Ne 0.26%
22
Ne 8.82%
19 20 21 22 23
In early research with a mass spectrograph, Aston (Nobel Prize, 1922) demonstrated
that naturally occurring neon consisted of three isotopes ... 20Ne, 21Ne and 22Ne.
Average = (90.92 x 20) + (0.26 x 21) + (8.82 x 22) = 20.179 Ans. = 20.18
100
TIP In calculations of this type... multiply each relative mass by its abundance
add up the total of these values
divide the result by the sum of the abundances
Assume that there are x nuclei of K in every 100; there will then be (100-x) of
39
K.
41
ABUNDANCE
60%
Redraw the diagram with the most abundant 40%
isotope scaled up to 100%.
ABUNDANCE
60%
Redraw the diagram with the most abundant 40%
isotope scaled up to 100%.
ABUNDANCE
atoms of mass 40; abundance = 66.7
66.7%
Average = (100 x 38) + (66.7 x 40) = 38.80
166.7
0 10 20 30 40 m/z values
By doubling the charge to 2+, m/z value is halved;
new peaks at 19 and 20. The abundance is the same.
OTHER USES OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
- MOLECULAR MASS DETERMINATION -
Nowadays, mass spectrometry is used
to identify unknown or new compounds.