“PREDICTION OF FOLLOWER JUMPS

IN CAM-FOLLOWER MECHANISMS
USING LSTM NEURAL NETWORK”

Guided by Presented by

Dr. Jolly K .G SREEDHAR K K

Professor NSS18ME112
NSS College Of NSS College Of
Engineering Palakkad Engineering Palakkad

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CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Jump in cam follower mechanism
 Cam follower setup
 Artificial Neural Network(ANN)
 Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)
 Results
 Conclusion
 References

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 INTRODUCTION

 Cam-follower mechanism

 Types of cam follower mechanism

 Application of cam follower mechanisms

 Machine Learning

 Application of machine learning in mechanical engineering

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WHAT IS FOLLOWER
JUMP IN CAM
FOLLOWER
MECHANISM ?
 Increased rotational speed
detaches follower from cam
 Follower jumps lead to system
damage.
 For cutting tools these impacts
are desired.
Fig. 1 Dynamic Model of a Cam Follower Mechanism [1]

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 CAM FOLLOWER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

 60 W DC motor.
 dSPACE 1104 control unit that
governs voltage ‘V’.
 Incremental rotary encoder to
measure ‘θ’.
 Linear encoder – position of
follower ‘y’.
 No spring attached to follower
 Varying load ‘m’
 Roller follower with radius 0.008m

Fig. 2 Cam follower mechanism (experimental setup) [2]

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CAM PROFILE VARIATIONS USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS

 20 interchangeable cams
 Each cam characterized by
cycloidal displacement
function without dwell
 Each cam characterized by 2
parameters : maximum
displacement H and
skewness angle ‘β’.

Fig. 3 A set of 20 interchangeable cams [1]

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THEORETICAL DISPLACEMENT FUNCTIONS
FOR VARIOUS ‘β’ AND ‘H’

Fig. 4 Theoretical displacement functions parameterized by 𝛽 and H [1]

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 DATA DRIVEN MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF
FOLLOWER JUMPS
Table 1 Sample Training data generated [1]
◎
  Aims to predict the H β m V

detachable variable ‘ɛ’ . 0.01 1.5708 0.7325 3.6

 Follower jump trajectory 0.01 1.5708 0.7325 3.9789

… … … …
prediction using RNN.
… … … …
 80 different system 0.03 1.5708 0.7325 7.0105
modification 0.03 1.5708 0.7325 7.3895
… … … …
 20 different voltages .
0.05 4.7124 1.1238 8.5263
 1600 experiments … … … …
0.07 3.1416 1.1238 8.9053
… … … …
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 Model of a Biological Neuron
Human Brain
100 – Billion Neurons
Nucleus 1000 – Synaptic junction per neuron
100 – Trillion Synaptic junction
Speed only 400 to 500 Hz
dendrites

Input signals
Axon
Synaptic
Neighboring
Soma terminals
neuron

Basal dendrites
Neuron transmitter fluid
Conductance of the synaptic gap
Fig. 5 A biological Neuron structure
Changes on learning
WHAT IS AN ARTIFICIAL NEURON?

 Input layer Neuron Source: towards data science

 Hidden layer
 Activation function-Sigmoid,ReLU,Tanh
 Output layer Fig. 6 An Artificial Neuron structure
 Backpropagation

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ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Fig. 7 A Multi Layer Artificial Neural Network

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LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY(LSTM) NETWORK

 Type of RNN
 Remembers important events in
timeseries by selectively remembering
patterns for long interval of time.
 Combining information of hidden state
of prior time step with new input to
update the cell state.
 LSTM cell contains 3 gates
1.Forget gate
2.Input gate
Fig. 8 LSTM Network
3.Output gate
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PHYSICS INSPIRED DATA DRIVEN MODEL

 Provide additional features to the model to increase accuracy and generalization

performance.
 Dynamic force equilibrium.
 Cam enforce an upward force F>=0 to follower.
 Follower position y(t) physically restricted in space.
 Follower motion constrained by a linear guide rail, including non-negligible friction
force.
𝑚 ̈𝑦(𝑡) + 𝐹𝑏 (𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑡) − 𝑚𝑔
𝑦(𝑡) ≥ ℎ(𝜃(𝑡))
 Thus, a modified RNN with physics inspired features .

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IMPLEMENTATION OF PREDICTED MODEL

Fig. 9 Proposed Network[1]

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 All weights and biases in network are optimized by minimizing the mean squared
error (MSE) .

 Adam optimizer is used.

 Implemented using Keras API with TensorFlow backend in python.

 To prevent the neural network from overfitting, a dropout regularization technique is

applied on hidden layer.

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COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS

Raw data-based model prediction

Cam dynamics inspired model prediction

Fig. 10 Prediction results [1]

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PREDICTION RESULTS

 Neural network predicts the jump and trajectory of the detachment variable for given
input sequence.

 The prediction accuracy of a specific trajectory is quantified by Mean Squared Error

(MSE).

 The model correctly predicts the occurrence of a follower jump while also predicting
if continuous contact is assured.

 It is noted that more physics –inspired features if included, better the prediction
results.

 A metric of predicted trajectory is obtained, and a post-processing is done.


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CONCLUSION

 The trajectory and the jump of detachment variable is learned by an LSTM network.

 Timeseries sequences are measured for varying cam shapes, follower masses, and
voltage inputs.

 The experimental data is generated by a laboratory setup.

 Prediction capabilities of an LSTM model is improved by physics-inspired features.

 The study shows data driven prediction model improves monitoring of various other
phenomena.

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REFERENCES

 [1]Wannes De Groote , Sofie Van Hoecke b , Guillaume Crevecoeur, Prediction of

follower jumps in cam-follower mechanisms: The benefit of using physics-inspired
features in recurrent neural networks. 166 (2022) 108453.

 [2]Jun Xia , Yunwen Feng , Cheng Lu , Chengwei Fei , Xiaofeng Xue, LSTM-based
multi-layer self-attention method for remaining useful life estimation of mechanical
systems . 125 (2021) 105385.

 [3]Merten Stender , Merten Tiedemann , David Spieler , Daniel Schoepflin ,

Norbert Hoffmann , Sebastian Oberst. Deep learning for brake squeal: Brake noise
detection, characterization and prediction. 149 (2021), 107181

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THANK YOU

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