1-Thesis Defense - Tarik Youssef-July30-2010-3

University of Sherbrooke, Department of Civil Engineering
Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Can ada
July 30th, 2010
TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR OF FRP BARS AND

FRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER
SUSTAINED LOAD
Presented by:
Tarik Youssef, M.Sc, P.Eng

Supervised by:
Prof. Brahim Benmokrane, Ph.D, P.Eng

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
1
Outline Can ada
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Part 1: Long-term Performance of FRP Bars
(Material Behaviour)
• •PartPart 1-1: Creep Behaviour
2: Long-term Performanceand of
Residual
FRP-RC Properties
Beams of
.(Structural
GFRP Behaviour)
Bars Exhibiting Different Sustained Load Levels
• Part 1-2: Long-term Performance of Different Types of
• Recapitulation
GFRP Bars under Sustained Service Load
• Recommendations for Future Work 2
Outline Continued
Can ada
• Part 2: Long-term Performance of FRP Reinforced

. Concrete Beams (Structural Behaviour)
• Part 2-1: The Long-term Performance of Third-point
Loaded FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams after One Year
of Continuous Loading
• Part 2-2: Modeling the Long-term Deflection of Full
Scale GFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams under Uniform
Distributed Load
• Recapitulation
• Recommendations for Future Work 3
Outline Continued
Can ada
Main Body of the Thesis
Part 1 Part 2
(Material Behaviour) (Structural Behaviour)
Part 1-1 Part 1-2 Part 2-1 Part 2-2

Objectives Objectives Objectives Objectives
Experimental Experimental Experimental Experimental
Program Program Program Program
Results; Analysis; Results; Analysis; Results; Analysis; Results; Analysis;
Discussion Discussion Discussion Discussion
Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion 4
Introduction Continued
Can ada
• FRP reinforcement has gained popularity for its

advantageous qualities (high strength, high
performance, chemical and corrosion resistance, easy
handling, rapid project delivery).
• The Canadian government has invested significantly in

promoting the use of FRP in civil infrastructure
applications (ISIS Canada).
• An abundance of field applications (bridges, highway

pavements and parking garages), using FRP
5
reinforcement, now exists all over Canada.
Can ada
Wotton Bridge (2001)
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement

(Highway 40 - Montreal)
6
Laurier -Taché Parking Garage (2004)
Can ada
• The majority of research conducted in universities and

laboratories, to date, on FRP and FRP reinforced concrete
elements relates to short term or static performance.
• Durability of FRP is still an area that lacks ample

investigation. Widespread acceptance of FRP needs
Potentially harmful effects of FRP materials in
validated long term data.
civil engineering application
(ISIS Canada Educational Module 8, 2006)
7
Can ada
What is Creep ?
Total Strain
Constant Stress
• Plastic deformation due to sustained
Stress
Tertiary
Unloading
Loading
loads over long periods
Primary
of time.
Secondary
Fracture Time
• Affected by adverse environments,
temperature and composite quality.
Strain
Initial Elastic Strain Elastic
Strain
• Increases long-term deflection for Time Elastic

Residual
Strain
FRP reinforced elements and may lead

Strain
Time
Typical strain history curve during

to detrimental damages. Schematic of creep strain;
creep deformation (Fib 2007)
recovery strain in polymer
8
Can ada
Literature Review:
The information content in this research venue is limited:
• Long-term performance of FRP bars: Nkurunziza et al.
(2005); Gaona (2003); Greenwood (2002); Yamaguchi et al.
(1997); Seki et al. (1997); Budelman and Rotasy (1993).
• Long-term behaviour of FRP-RC beams: Gross et al.

(2009); Gross et al. (2006); Gross et al. (2003); Hall and
Ghali (2000); Arockiasamy et al. (2000); Vijay and
GangaRao (1998); Brown (1997).
9
Can ada
FRP creep-rupture stress limits

(CSA S6-06 & ACI 440.1R-06):
Fiber type GFRP AFRP CFRP
Maximum allowable stress at SLS 0.25 fFRPu 0.35 fFRPu 0.65 fFRPu
Maximum allowable stress in FRP bars (CAN/CSA S6-06)
Fiber type GFRP AFRP CFRP

Creep rupture stress limits ff,s 0.20 ffu 0.30 ffu 0.55 ffu
FRP-reinforcement creep rupture stress limits (ACI 440.1R-06)

10
Can ada
FRP-RC deflection prediction

(CSA S806-02 & ACI 440.1R-06):
Δi
Δcp+sh =Δi (λ )
Δt =Δi (1+λ )
Schematic of concrete beam deflection with time

11
Can ada
Long term deflection equations in design guides

• CSA A23.3-04 : Δ(cp+sh) = λ (Δi)(sus)
λ = ξ / (1+ 50 ρ’steel)
λ = ξ for ρ’steel = 0
• CSA S806-02: Δ(cp+sh) = S (Δi)(sus)
• ACI 440.1R-06: Δ(cp+sh) = 0.6ξ (Δi)(sus)
where
ρ’ = compression reinforcement ratio,
ξ = sustained load time dependent factor (1-2 for 3-60 months) 12
Can ada
Crack width limits and prediction equations for FRP-RC:
• CAN/CSA S806-02 implicitly allows crack widths of 0.20 in.

(0.5 mm) for exterior exposure and 0.028 in. (0.7 mm) for
interior exposure when FRP reinforcement is used.
• The most popular equations for crack width prediction are

that of Frosch (1999), adopted by ACI 440.1R-06 and CSA S6-
06, and Gergely-Lutz (1968), adopted by ACI 440.1R-03 and
ISIS Canada Design Manual (2007). Crack width growth, with
time, is not considered in both eqns.
13
Objectives Can ada
The main objectives of this study are categorized as:
1- GFRP Reinforcing Bars

(Long-term Material Behaviour)
• Investigate the long-term (creep) performance of GFRP
2- reinforcing
FRP Reinforced
bars under Concrete Beams
different levels of axial sustained
(Long-term
load. Structural Behaviour)
• Investigate the residual characteristics (tensile strength;
Young’s modulus; fibre-matrix interface) after the long-
term test duration.
14
Objectives Continued
Can ada
2- FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams

(Long-term Structural Behaviour)
• Study the long-term behaviour (strain; deflection;
crack width) of FRP-RC beams, with different
reinforcement ratios, under different types and
magnitudes of sustained load.
• Model the time dependent deflection of FRP-RC
beams (using empirical and finite difference models)
as well as FRP-RC crack width evolution.
15
Methodology Continued
Can ada
Materials
GFRP “X” #3, #4 & #5
GFRP “Y” #3 & #5
GFRP “Z ” 12 mm
CFRP “X” #3
CFRP “Y” #3
16
Can ada
Physical properties of FRP bars

FRP bar-type GFRP-1 GFRP-2 GFRP-3 GFRP-4 GFRP-5 GFRP-6 CFRP-1 CFRP-2
Diameter (mm) 9.5 9.5 12.7 12 15.9 15.9 9.5 9.5
Manufacturer X Y X Z X Y X Y
Surface** SC HW-SC SC G SC HW-SC SC HW
Fiber content
56.8 50.6 64.5 75.2 66.6 57.5 73.6 N.A
(% volume)
Longitudinal coefficient
of thermal expansion 7.0 6.58 6.7 5.7 8.5 7.8 -4.5 -2.25
(x 10-6 oC)
Transverse coefficient
of thermal expansion 28.6 33.7 27.2 18.2 29.9 43.5 41.4 38
(x 10-6 oC)
Density
1.94 1.89 1.99 2.25 2.01 1.95 1.51 N.A
(g/cm3)
Water absorption
0.31 0.75 0.15 0.12 0.18 0.52 0.28 N.A
(%)
Glass transition
105 106 105 170 112 80 108 N.A
temperature (oC)
Cure ratio (%) 98 99 98 > 95 95 95 > 95 N.A
* All tests were conducted in accordance with the CSA S807-10 standards.
** Surface Notation: SC (Sand coated); HW (Helically wrapped); HW-SC (Sand coated-Helically wrapped); 17
G (Grooved).
Can ada
Mechanical properties of FRP bars

FRP bar-type GFRP-1 GFRP-2 GFRP-3 GFRP-4 GFRP-5 GFRP-6 CFRP-1 CFRP-2
Diameter (mm) 9.5 9.5 12.7 12 15.9 15.9 9.5 9.5
Ultimate tensile stress
fu.ave (MPa) 854 ± 34 828 ± 38 774 ± 38 1410 ± 23 748 ± 35 783 ± 20.5 1613 ± 55 2402 ± 73
Guaranteed tensile stress
f*fu = fu.ave - 3σ (MPa) 752 714 660 1341 643 722 1448 2183
Design tensile stress
(MPa)
ffu = CE x f*fu ; CE = 0.8 602 571 528 1073 514 578 1158 1746
(ACI 440.1R-06)
Modulus of elasticity
152.7 ±
(GPa) 46.9 ± 1.2 44.8 ± 1.4 49.9 ± 2.4 66.5 ± 6.2 42.5 ± 2.7 41 ± 0.3 120.7 ± 2.1
Ef = Ef.ave 2.9
Ultimate strain (µε)
18232 ± 767 18484 ± 868 15620 ± 956 21368 ± 1601 17712 ± 1082 19270 ± 541 13364 ± 450 15727 ± 313
εu.ave
Guaranteed strain (µε)
ε*fu = εu.ave - 3σ 15931 15880 12752 16565 14467 17647 12014 14788
Guaranteed to Ultimate
ratio ε*fu / εu.ave 0.87 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.82 0.92 0.90 0.94
Design tensile strain (µε)
εfu = CE x ε*fu 12745 12704 10202 13252 11574 14118 9611 11830
(ACI 440.1R-06)
Allowable strain for
sustained load (µε)
εf.s = 0.2 x εfu (for GFRP) 2549 2541 2040 2650 2315 2824 4805 5915
εf.s = 0.5 x εfu (for CFRP)
(ACI 440.1R-06)
18
Can ada
Swivel head Upper lever arm
Lower lever arm

Fulcrum
Threaded steel Load Calibrating

tube filled with system
cement grout
Stain gauges
FRP rebar Applied weight
Weight pan
Spherical nut
Frame Base
Applied load = 12.5 kN/m'
35 No. 10M @ 200 mm 35

2 No. 10 M or 3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm
400 mm
200 200 200 200
5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm or 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm
236 3810 236
4282 mm
3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 2 No. 10 M 2 No. 10 M
No. 10 M No. 10 M No. 10 M No. 10 M

@ 200 mm @ 200 mm @ 200 mm @ 200 mm
400
400
400
25
25
25
25
5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm
215 215 215 215 19

Beam A Beam B Beam C Beam D
Can ada
Aerial view of the FRP Durability Facility

(University of Sherbrooke)
20
Can ada
Data Acquisition System P-3500 Deformometer
21
Digital Vernier Caliper Crack-measuring microscope
Can ada
Part 1: Material Behaviour

Long-term Performance of GFRP Bars
22
PART 1: MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR Can ada
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP BARS
Scope:
• Obtain essential data on the creep deformation and
creep rupture of GFRP bars.
• Infer upon the residual tensile properties (tensile

strength; Modulus of elasticity; fibre-matrix
interface) of GFRP bars after creep test duration.
23
• Part 1-1: Creep Behaviour and Residual Properties

of GFRP Bars Exhibiting Different Levels of
Sustained Load (37 samples of 2 GFRP bars)
• Part 1-2: Long-term Performance of Different Types

of GFRP Bars under Sustained Service Load (52
samples of 6 GFRP bars)
24
Applied levels of sustained load (Percentage of average

ultimate tensile stress f u,ave )
Bar Type 15% 30% 45% 60%
GFRP X (9.5 mm)

Part 1-1
GFRP Y (9.5 mm)
GFRP X (12.7 mm)
GFRP Z (12.0 mm) Part 1-2
GFRP X (15.9 mm)
GFRP Y (15.9 mm)
25
FRP Creep tests under axial load (Test duration > 10000 hrs)
A total of 99 GFRP creep and creep rupture samples

26
FRP Creep tests under axial load (Test duration > 10000 hrs)
Bar Installation Maintaining axial load Creep rupture 27

Part 1-1 Can ada
CREEP BEHAVIOUR AND RESIDUAL PROPERTIES

OF GFRP BARS EXHIBITING DIFFERENT
SUSTAINED LOAD LEVELS
28
Objectives
Can ada
• Obtain essential data on the creep behaviour and

calculate the creep coefficient of two types of GFRP
bars under four different levels of sustained load.
• Determine the stress level where creep rupture for a
particular GFRP bar becomes a concern.
• Infer upon the residual tensile properties (tensile
strength; Modulus of elasticity; fibre-matrix interface)
of GFRP bars after creep test duration.
29
PART 1-1: CREEP BEHAVIOUR AND RESIDUAL PROPERTIES OF GFRP BARS EXHIBITING DIFFERENT SUSTAINED LOAD LEVELS
Experimental Program
Can ada
Creep strain evolution (Test duration > 10000 hours):
Bar Type 15% f u,ave 30% f u,ave 45% f u,ave 60% f u,ave
GFRP X (9.5 mm) 5 5 5+4 3
GFRP Y (9.5 mm) 3 4 4 4

GFRP X (12.7 mm)
GFRP Z (12.0 mm)
GFRP X (15.9 mm)
GFRP Y (15.9 mm)
30
Can ada
Continued
Residual tensile tests after creep test duration

Machine
Grips
Epoxy resin between
FRP bar and sleeve
Free bar length

(40d b or more)
Steel Tubes PVC caps/rings with

(min 300 mm for 9.5 mm rebar) central hole fitting
(min 380 mm for 12.7 mm rebar) FRP rod
LVDT installed on the

middle 200 mm free
portion of the bar
Epoxy resin between

FRP bar and sleeve
Embedded FRP
rod portion in
steel sleeve
Information obtained: Residual tensile strength and Young’s modulus

31
Can ada
Continued
Microstructural analysis
Scanning Electron Microscope

32
Results and Discussion
Can ada
Creep strain evolution (GFRP-1) as per CSA S807-10:

Creep Strain-Initial
Creep Strain (Strain Strain ratio (% of
εfrp,0 / εu,ave εfrp,0 / ε*fu Increase) (με) after actual initial strain)
Nominal Sample ratio Ratio after
εfrp,0
Applied Load No.
(% fu,ave) (% f*fu) 1000 3000 10000 1000 3000 10000
hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs
1 2264 12.4 14.2 46 68 93 2.0 3.0 4.1

2 2268 12.4 14.2 28 101 176 1.2 4.5 7.8
15% fu,ave 3 2631 14.4 16.5 1 181 132 0.0 6.9 5.0
4 2306 12.6 14.5 8 75 166 0.3 3.3 7.2
5 2703 14.8 17.0 155 145 239 5.7 5.4 8.8
1 3809 20.9 23.9 -6 48 46 -0.2 1.3 1.2
2 5674 31.1 35.6 -166 -132 -163 -2.9 -2.3 -2.9
30% fu,ave 3 5214 28.6 32.7 74 39 29 1.4 0.7 0.6
4 6021 33.0 37.8 -269 -286 -288 -4.5 -4.8 -4.8
5 5255 28.8 33.0 114 176 199 2.2 3.3 3.8
1 8595 47.1 54.0 115 97 229 1.3 1.1 2.7
2 8195 44.9 51.4 183 232 295 2.2 2.8 3.6
45% fu,ave
3 8086 44.4 50.8 128 -21 83 1.6 -0.3 1.0
(Set a)
4 7438 40.8 46.7 192 179 339 2.6 2.4 4.6
5 8897 48.8 55.8 196 118 373 2.2 1.3 4.2
1 8443 46.3 53.0 230 381 406 2.7 4.5 4.8
45% fu,ave 2 7496 41.1 47.1 254 486 432 3.4 6.5 5.8
(Set b) 3 8149 44.7 51.2 747 757 623 9.2 9.3 7.3
4 7812 42.8 49.0 38 65 237 0.5 0.8 3.0
1 10416 57.1 65.4 -101 179 292 -1.0 1.7 2.8
60% fu,ave 2 11056 60.6 69.4 135 283 397 1.2 2.6 3.6
3 11561 63.4 72.6 391 495b - 3.4 4.3 -
33
GFRP-1 creep-test details (15%, 30%, 45% and 60% fu,ave)
Can ada
Continued
Creep strain evolution (GFRP-2) as per CSA S807-10:

Creep Strain-Initial
Creep Strain (Strain Strain ratio (% of
Increase) (με) after actual initial strain)
εfrp,0/εu,ave εfrp,0 /ε*fu after
Nominal
Sample εfrp,0 ratio ratio
Applied
Number
Load
(% fu,ave) (% f*fu)
1000 3000 10000 1000 3000 10000
1 2032 11.0 12.8 30 -8 -12 1.5 -0.4 -0.6

15% fu,ave 2 1941 10.5 12.2 11 29 33 0.6 1.5 1.7
3 2105 11.4 13.3 35 34 53 1.7 1.6 2.5
1 6946 37.6 43.7 702 758 819 1.1 1.9 1.8
2 5377 29.1 33.9 78 63 108 1.5 1.2 2.0
30% fu,ave
3 9006 48.7 56.7 -22 37 220 -0.2 0.4 2.4
4 5600 30.3 35.3 206 230 308 3.7 4.1 5.5
1 8188 44.3 51.6 248 313 388 3.0 3.8 4.7
GFRP-2
2 creep-test
8977 48.6 details
56.5 (15%,
633 30%
757 and
843 45%7.1 f 8.4 ) 9.4
34
45% fu,ave 3 9594 51.9 60.4 613 686 718 6.4 u,ave
7.2 7.5
4 9237 50.0 58.2 939 1066 1111 10.2 11.5 12.0
Can ada
Continued
Creep strain evolution (GFRP-2) as per CSA S807-10 :

εfrp,0/εu,ave Creep- Creep Strain Creep Strain-
Nominal εfrp,0 /ε*fu
Sample εfrp,0 rupture Increase at Initial Strain
Applied ratio
Number ratio time rupture time percentage at
Load (% fu,ave)
(hours) (με) rupture time
1 14954 80.9 94.2 13.8 332 2.2
2 11512 62.3 72.5 56.8 155 1.3
60% fu,ave
3 13995 75.7 88.1 231 1488 10.6
4 10839 58.6 68.3 54 696 6.4
GFRP-2 creep-test details (60% fu,ave)
35
Can ada
Continued
Upper-bound creep strain evolution graphs:
Creep strain evolution (upper bound) for GFRP-1 and GFRP-2

samples under different sustained load levels
36
Can ada
Continued
Calculation of creep coefficients:
εfrp (t) = β log t + εfrp,0

Percent of Average β
Ultimate tensile GFRP-1 GFRP-2
stress
15% f u,ave 44.8 9.7

30% f u,ave 28.7 68.2
45% f u,ave 116.0 273.2
60% f u,ave 149.7 504.9
37
Can ada
Continued
Residual tensile test results
0% 3% 0% 4%
0% 4% 5%
Residual tensile strength for GFRP-1 bars (above) and GFRP-2 bars (below)
38
after the 10000 hour duration
Can ada
Continued
Microstructural analysis results
GFRP-1 at 45% fu.ave
Magnified samples’ cross section after exhibiting 10000 hours of loading:

(a) GFRP-1 at 45% fu.ave; (b) GFRP-2 at 45%; (c) GFRP-1 at 60% fu.ave
(top, middle and bottom, respectively) 39
Conclusion (Part 1-1)
Can ada
• Insignificant creep-strain increase took place for sustained

load levels 15% and 30% fu,ave after 10000 hours. At 45% fu,ave
the upper-bound creep strain percentage for GFRP-1 and
GFRP-2 amounts to 7.6% and 12% of the initial strain εfrp,0 ,
respectively.
• Creep rupture was witnessed at 60% fu,ave for both GFRP-1
and GFRP-2 after variant endurance times.
• The residual tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, for
all samples that survived the 10000 hour duration, were
found barely changed. There is no consistent relationship
40
between the load level and the loss in tensile strength.
Can ada
Continued
• Microstructural analysis was conducted on samples from

both commercial bars that exhibited 45% fu,ave for 10000
hours. No microcracks were found indicating that 45% fu,ave
is an accepted creep rupture limit for the bars, in air.
41
Part 1-2 Can ada
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT

TYPES OF GFRP BARS UNDER SUSTAINED
SERVICE LOAD
42
Objectives
Can ada
• Obtain essential data on the creep behaviour and

calculate the creep coefficient of six types of GFRP
bars under two levels of sustained service (axial)
load.
• Determine the residual tensile properties (tensile

strength; Modulus of elasticity; fibre-matrix
interface) of GFRP bars after creep test duration
under sustained service load.
43
PART 1-2: LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GFRP BARS UNDER SUSTAINED SERVICE LOAD
Can ada
Creep strain evolution (Test duration > 10000 hours):

Bar Type 15% f u,ave 30% f u,ave 45% f u,ave 60% f u,ave
GFRP X (9.5 mm) 5 5

GFRP Y (9.5 mm) 3 4
GFRP X (12.7 mm) 4 4+3
GFRP Z (12.0 mm) 4 5
GFRP X (15.9 mm) 4 4
GFRP Y (15.9 mm) 4 4
(ii) Residual tensile tests after creep test duration

(iii) Microstructural analysis 44
Can ada
Continued
Creep strain evolution (15% fu,ave) as per CSA S807-10:
Creep Strain (Strain Increase) (με) Creep Strain-Elastic Strain ratio
Elastic εfrp,0/ ε fu
* after (% of actual initial strain) after
Bar Type/ Sample εfrp,0/ εu,ave
Strain ratio
Diameter No. εfrp,0 (% fu,ave) 1000 3000 10000 1000 3000 10000
(% f*fu)
1 2264 12.4 14.2 46 68 93 2.0 3.0 4.1
GFRP-1 2 2268 12.4 14.2 28 101 176 1.2 4.5 7.8
9.5 mm 3 2631 14.4 16.5 1 181 132 0.0 6.9 5.0
(15% fu,ave) 4 2306 12.6 14.5 8 75 166 0.3 3.3 7.2
5 2703 14.8 17.0 155 145 239 5.7 5.4 8.8
GFRP-2 1 2032 11.0 12.8 30 -8 -12 1.5 -0.4 -0.6
9.5 mm 2 1941 10.5 12.2 11 29 33 0.6 1.5 1.7
(15% fu,ave) 3 2105 11.4 13.3 10 -4 53 0.5 -0.2 2.5
1 2536 16.2 19.9 8 22 51 0.3 0.9 2.0
GFRP-3
2 2525 16.2 19.8 26 47 92 1.0 1.9 3.6
12.7 mm
(15% fu,ave) 3 2304 14.8 18.1 -34 -7 15 -1.5 -0.3 0.7
4 2497 16.0 19.6 50 83 102 2.0 3.3 4.1
1 2865 13.4 17.3 5 -8 19 0.2 -0.3 0.7
GFRP-4
2 2766 12.9 16.7 17 44 61 0.6 1.6 2.2
12 mm
(15% fu,ave) 3 3412 16.0 20.6 74 86 110 2.2 2.5 3.2
4 2775 13.0 16.8 42 66 72 1.5 2.4 2.6
1 2495 14.1 17.2 84 114 145 3.4 4.6 5.8
GFRP-5
2 2789 15.7 19.3 47 78 118 1.7 2.8 4.2
15.9 mm
(15% fu,ave) 3 2723 15.4 18.8 86 120 134 3.2 4.4 4.9
4 2497 14.1 17.3 132 165 207 5.3 6.6 8.3
1 2959 15.4 16.8 349 394 464 11.8 13.3 15.7
GFRP-6
2 2848 14.8 16.1 193 237 276 6.8 8.3 9.7
15.9 mm
(15% fu,ave) 3 3657 19.0 20.7 424 480 573 11.6 13.1 15.7
4 3298 17.1 18.7 282 313 375 8.6 9.5 11.4
Can ada
Continued
Creep strain evolution (25-30% f u,ave) as per CSA S807-10:
Creep Strain (Strain Increase) (με) Creep Strain-Elastic Strain ratio
εfrp,0/ εu,ave εfrp,0/ ε*fu after (% of actual initial strain) after
Bar Type/ Sample Elastic Strain
εfrp,0 ratio ratio
Diameter Number
(% fu,ave) (% f*fu)
1000 hrs 3000 hrs 10000 hrs 1000 hrs 3000 hrs 10000 hrs
1 3809 20.9 23.9 -6 48 46 -0.2 1.3 1.2

2 5674 31.1 35.6 -166 -132 -163 -2.9 -2.3 -2.9
GFRP-1
3 5214 28.6 32.7 74 39 29 1.4 0.7 0.6
9.5 mm a
4 6021 33.0 37.8 -269 -286 -288 -4.5 -4.8 -4.8
5 5255 28.8 33.0 114 176 199 2.2 3.3 3.8
1 6946 37.6 43.7 702 758 819 10.1 10.9 11.8
GFRP-2 2 5377 29.1 33.9 78 63 108 1.5 1.2 2.0
9.5 mm 3 9006 48.7 56.7 -22 37 220 -0.2 0.4 2.4
4 5600 30.3 35.3 206 230 308 3.7 4.1 5.5
1 3790 24.3 29.7 56 46 201 1.5 1.2 5.3
GFRP-3 3922 57 343 472
2 25.1 30.8 1.5 8.7 12.0
12.7 mm
3 4040 25.9 31.7 93 127 255 2.3 3.1 6.3
(Set a) b
4 4542 29.1 35.6 271 263 227 6.0 5.8 5.0
GFRP-3 1 4144 26.5 32.5 3 -120 -83 0.1 -2.9 -2.0
12.7 mm 2 3835 24.6 30.1 102 58 61 2.7 1.5 1.6
(Set b) b 3 4005 25.6 31.4 45 61 N/A 1.1 1.5 N/A
1 4328 20.3 26.1 -9 181 166 -0.2 4.2 3.8
2 4266 20.0 25.8 112 156 201 2.6 3.7 4.7
GFRP-4
3 3680 17.2 22.2 -19 57 61 -0.5 1.5 1.7
12 mm b
4 4026 18.8 24.3 59 112 77 1.5 2.8 1.9
5 4091 19.1 24.7 189 199 231 4.6 4.9 5.6
1 6613 37.3 45.7 49 101 210 0.7 1.5 3.2
GFRP-5 2 5475 30.9 37.8 257 246 470 4.7 4.5 8.6
15.9 mm 3 5162 29.1 35.7 294 321 339 5.7 6.2 6.6
4 5214 29.4 36.0 157 258 321 3.0 4.9 6.2
1 6946 37.6 43.7 702 758 819 10.1 10.9 15.8 46
GFRP-6 2 5377 29.1 33.9 78 63 108 1.5 1.2 2.0
15.9 mm 3 9006 48.7 56.7 -22 37 220 -0.2 0.4 2.4
4 5600 30.3 35.3 206 230 308 3.7 4.1 5.5
Can ada
Continued
Creep strain evolution:
Creep strain evolution for samples at 15% fu,ave and 25 - 30% fu,ave 47
Can ada
Continued
Calculation of creep coefficients:

εfrp (t) = β log t + εfrp,0
Percent of Average β
Ultimate tensile 15% f u,ave 30% f u,ave
stress
GFRP-1 46.7 32.5

GFRP-2 15.7 216.6
GFRP-3 23.5 105.9
GFRP-4 38.5 98.9
GFRP-5 138.1 106.9
GFRP-6 77.0 344.7 48
Can ada
Continued
Residual tensile tests after creep test duration
-0.6 % -0.9 % -1.7 % 1.6 % 4.8 % -0.5 % 2.7% 3% -1.7 % 2.7 % 4.6 % -1.4 %
Residual tensile strength for samples that exhibited 15% fu,ave

(left); Residual tensile strength for samples that exhibited
25 and/or 30% fu,ave (right)
49
Can ada
Continued
Microstructural analysis results
GFRP-1GFRP-1
GFRP-2 GFRP-1 GFRP-2 GFRP-1 (30% fu,ave) GFRP-2 (30% fu,ave)
GFRP-2
GFRP-3GFRP-3
GFRP-4 GFRP-GFRP-4
3 GFRP-4 10000 GFRP-3 (25% fu,ave) GFRP-4 (25% fu,ave)
hours
GFRP-5 GFRP-6 GFRP-5 GFRP-6

GFRP-5 GFRP-6 GFRP-5 (30% fu,ave) GFRP-6 (30% fu,ave)
Enlarged samples’ cross section Enlarged samples’ cross section

before applying sustained load after enduring 10000 hours
50
Can ada
• For bars exhibiting 15% fu,ave the upper-bound values for

accumulated creep strain after 10000 hours were 8.8%, 2.5%,
4.1%, 3.2%, 8.3% and 15.7% of the initial strain εfrp,0, for bar-
types GFRP-1, GFRP-2, GFRP-3, GFRP-4, GFRP-5 and
GFRP-6, respectively. Similarly, the upper-bound values for
25-30% fu,ave were 3.8%, 11.8%, 12.0%, 5.6%, 8.6% and 11.8%
for the same bar-types, respectively.
• In general, bars of bigger diameters have bigger creep strain

coefficients; possibly due to the curing factor which is
better for bars of small diameter. 51
Can ada
Continued
• The residual tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, for
all samples that survived the 10000 hour duration, were
found barely changed (almost retaining their full strength).
The loss percentage ranged from 0-5.4% fu,ave and 0-8% Ef,ave
for tensile strength and Young’s modulus respectively. In
both cases, the loss was less than the standard deviation
yielded by mechanical property testing.
• Microstructural analysis was conducted on samples from
commercial bars that exhibited 25% and 30% fu,ave for 10000
hours. No microcracks were found indicating that there is
no sign of degradation for bars exhibiting service load. 52
Can ada
Part II: Structural Behaviour

Long-term Performance of FRP Reinforced
Concrete Beams
53
PART 2: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR Can ada
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Scope:
• Obtain essential data on the long-term performance
of FRP reinforced concrete beams (deflection,
strain evolution and crack width propagation) under
constant sustained load.
• Model the time dependent deflection and crack

width increase of FRP-RC beams using a variety of
empirical models and numerical based computer
simulations. 54
PART 2: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR Can ada
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Part 2-1: Long-term Performance of Third-point

Loaded FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams after One
Year of Continuous Loading
• Part 2-2: Modeling the Long-term Deflection of Full-

Scale GFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams under
Uniform Distributed Load
55
Part 2-1 Can ada
THE LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF THIRD-POINT

LOADED FRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
AFTER ONE YEAR OF CONTINUOUS LOADING
56
Objectives
Can ada
• Obtain necessary data regarding the long-term

behaviour (strains, deflection and crack width) of
GFRP- and CFRP-RC, third-point loaded, beams
and compare to steel reinforced counterparts.
• Compare the measured immediate deflection to

the values predicted using the methods available
in CAN/CSA S806-02, ACI 440.1R-06 and the ISIS
Canada Design Manual.
57
PART 2-1: LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF THIRD-POINT LOADED FRP-RC BEAMS UNDER ONE YEAR OF CONTINUOUS LOADING
Objectives
Can ada
Continued
• Observe the long-term to immediate measured

deflection values of FRP-RC beams and compare
them to the CAN/CSA S806-02 and ACI 440.1R-06
predictions.
• Compare the measured initial crack width and

time-dependent crack width evolution to the
predictions of Frosch (1999) and Gergely-Lutz
(1968), adopted by CAN/CSA S806-02, ACI 440.1R-
06 and ISIS Canada (2007).
58
Can ada
Load Magnitude :
Msus = 25% of Mn
Study Parameters :
GFRP CFRP
• Bar type (3 FRP
manufacturers)
• Bar diameter
• Reinforcement ratio
Steel (100 x 150 x 1800)
20 Beams of dimensions
Schematic of14 GFRP, 4load
Sustained CFRP and 2 Steel
frame 59
Can ada
Continued
P-3500 Deformometer
Deflection measurement using

digital vernier caliper
Crack-measuring microscope 60
Can ada
Continued
Tested concrete beams and relevant details
Group Group 1 (Mn = 7.5 to 8 kN.m) Group 2 Group 1 (Mn = 10 to 11.1 kN.m)
Frame # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B1-F1 B1-F2 B1-F3 B1-F4 B1-F5 B1-F6 B1-F7 B1-F8 B1-F9 B1-F10
Specimens
Reinforcement GFRP-1 GFRP-1 GFRP-2 GFRP-3 GFRP-4 GFRP-5 GFRP-6 CFRP-1 CFRP-2 Steel
Reinforcement diameter (mm) 9.5 9.5 9.5 12.7 12 15.9 15.9 9.5 9.5 15.9
Ar (mm2) (2 bars) 142 142 142 253 226 397 397 142 142 400
Reinforcement percentage
(ρfrp) 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.9 2.14 3.40 3.40 1.20 1.20 3.40
ρfrp/ ρfrpb 2.5 2.5 2.2 3.3 7.7 6.2 7.0 3.7 5.7 0.93
Concrete compressive
Strength (f’c) 35 35 40 40 35 35 35 35 35 35
Calculated elastic strain (εfrp0_c)
2904 2904 3227 2080 1724 1901 1864 1660 1393 413
µε
εfrp0_c / εfu (%)* 22.8 22.8 25.4 20.4 13.0 16.4 13.2 17.3 11.8 N/A
εfrp0_c / εf.s (%)* 113.9 113.9 127.0 102.0 65.1 82.1 66.0 86.4 58.9 N/A
Measured elastic strain εfrp0_m
4230 4145 3990 2973 3207 2068 2256 2389 2503 983
µε
εfrp0_m/ εu.ave
23.2 22.7 21.6 19 15 11.7 11.7 17.9 15.9 46.7
percentage
εfrp0_m/ ε*fu
26.6 26.0 25.1 23.3 19.3 14.3 12.8 19.9 16.9 49.5
percentage
Calculated concrete strain at
time t0 (εc0_c) µε 750 750 752 718 720 917 877 734 709 513
Average measured concrete 61
strain at time t0 (εc0_m) µε 914 1214 1145 958 1001 1021 953 1039 1065 438
Can ada
Continued
Tested concrete beams and relevant details (continued)

Group Group 1 Group 2
Frame # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Specimens
Reinforcement GFRP-1 GFRP-1 GFRP-2 GFRP-3 GFRP-4 GFRP-5 GFRP-6 CFRP-1 CFRP-2 Steel
Cracking Moment Mcr (kN.m) 1.33 1.33 1.42 1.42 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33
Nominal moment
Capacity Mn (kN.m) 7.55 7.55 7.98 10.15 10.01 10.11 10.01 10.64 11.13 10.54
Sustained moment Msus
1.89 1.89 2.01 2.54 2.5 2.53 2.5 2.66 2.78 2.63
(kN.m)
Msus / Mcr 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.79 1.88 1.90 1.88 2.00 2.09 1.98
Msus / Mn 0.25
Casting Date 9/8/07 9/8/07 10/5/07 10/5/07 26/3/07 9/8/07 26/3/07 26/3/07 26/3/07 9/8/07
Loading Date 7/11/07 18/12/07 20/10/07 8/11/07 1/12/07 9/11/07 4/11/07 7/11/07 4/11/07 4/12/07
It  f  2
where M cr  0.6 f c and M n   frp f frp  1  0.59  frp frp  bd
yt  f cu 
62
Can ada
Creep induced strain:

εt f c,0
ε0 εc f c,t
c new
c
ψ0
y
d O
ψt
A rft
f rft,0
f rft,t
Strain Stress
Stress/Strain behaviour at cross-section
• Initial cracking takes place; more cracks form; gradual

Strain evolution of GFRP-5 (15.9 mm) reinforcement
increase
(left) in strain
and with time
creep-strain (FRPofand
evolution concrete);
concrete (right) shift in
the neutral axis downwards; redistribution of stresses
(stress increase in rft. and top fiber concrete) 63
Can ada
Continued
Immediate and long term deflection:
Time dependent deflection of Time dependent deflection of

GFRP-6 reinforced concrete beams steel reinforced concrete beams
64
Can ada
Continued
Calculation of Immediate deflection:

 M cr 
3
  M 3  1 f 
• ACI 440.1R-06: Ie     d I g  1  
cr
  I cr  I g where d     1.0
M
 a   M
  a   5   fb 
• CAN/CSA S806-02: i   m dx
I g I cr
Ie  ( I g  I cr )
• ISIS Canada Design Manual (2007):   M cr  
2
I cr  1  0.5   
 M
 a   65
Can ada
Continued
Calculation of Immediate deflection (cont’d):
ACI 440.1R-06 CAN/CSA S806-02 ISIS Canda
(βd = 0.2 ρf/ ρfb) (20 increments) Design Manual
Type of Δi,exp Δ=ʃψdx (2007)
Beam
reinforce Δi,theo Δi,theo / Δi,theo Δi,theo / Δi,theo Δi,theo /
notation (mm)
-ment
(mm) Δexp (mm) Δexp (mm) Δexp
ratio ratio ratio
B1-F1 GFRP-1 7.24 1.55 0.21 7.03 0.97 8.50 1.17
B2-F1 GFRP-1 7.84 1.55 0.20 7.03 0.90 8.50 1.08
B1-F2 GFRP-1 7.5 1.55 0.21 7.03 0.94 8.50 1.13
B2-F2 GFRP-1 8.02 1.55 0.19 7.03 0.88 8.50 1.06
B1-F3 GFRP-2 6.8 1.59 0.23 7.67 1.13 8.99 1.32
B2-F3 GFRP-2 7.4 1.59 0.21 7.67 1.04 8.99 1.21
B1-F4 GFRP-3 7.87 2.33 0.30 5.79 0.74 7.04 0.89
B2-F4 GFRP-3 7.21 2.33 0.32 5.79 0.80 7.04 0.98
B1-F5 GFRP-4 5.5 2.29 0.42 5.03 0.93 6.31 1.16
B2-F5 GFRP-4 5.43 2.29 0.42 5.01 0.91 6.27 1.14
B1-F6 GFRP-5 5.82 2.58 0.44 6.42 1.10 8.17 1.40
B2-F6 GFRP-5 6.23 2.58 0.41 6.42 1.03 8.17 1.31
B1-F7 GFRP-6 6.85 2.36 0.34 6.26 0.91 7.88 1.15
B2-F7 GFRP-6 6.53 2.36 0.36 6.26 0.96 7.88 1.21
B1-F8 CFRP-1 6.09 2.59 0.43 4.86 0.80 6.20 1.02
B2-F8 CFRP-1 5.98 2.59 0.43 4.86 0.81 6.20 1.04
B1-F9 CFRP-2 6.12 2.49 0.41 4.39 0.72 5.51 0.90
B2-F9 CFRP-2 6.25 2.49 0.40 4.38 0.70 5.51 0.88
B1-F10 Steel 1.87 1.85 0.99 2.15 1.15 2.74 1.47
B2-F10 Steel 1.93 1.85 0.96 2.15 1.12 2.74 1.42
Average ratio (FRP) 0.33 0.90 1.11
Average ratio (Steel) 0.98 1.14 1.45
Average ratio (FRP + Steel) 0.39 0.93 1.15 66
Can ada
Continued
Calculation of Long-term deflection: Δlong-term/ Δinitial (λ = ξ) (Meas/Pred)
Beam Time Initial Long-term
Reinf %Mcr or Clear-
cross- under deflection deflection Meas. ACI (440) CSA (S806) ACI (440) CSA (S806)
Source/Specimen Reinf Type diameter span
%Mn section load Δinitial (mm) Δlomg-term (mm)
(mm) (mm) (a) (b) (c) (a)/(b) (a)/(c)
(mm2) (months)
#10 GFRP 9.5 N/A 100 x 150 1676 6 8.51 5.2 0.61 0.72 1.20 0.85 0.51
Brown (1996)
#15 GFRP 15.9 N/A 100 x 150 1676 6 2.41 2.22 0.92 0.72 1.20 1.28 0.77
Vijay & T2CR GFRP 12.7 0.5Mn 150 x 300 2740 21.5 N/A N/A 0.86 0.96 1.60 0.90 0.54
Gangarao (98) C1CR GFRP 15.9 0.2Mn 150 x 300 2600 12 N/A N/A 1.08 0.84 1.40 1.29 0.77
B2 CFRP 7.5 1.2Mcr 152 x 203 2286 15.5 N/A N/A 1.15 0.90 1.50 1.28 0.77
Arockiasamy 1.1Mcr
B3 CFRP 7.5 102 x 152 2286 15.5 N/A N/A 0.65 0.90 1.50 0.72 0.43
et al. (2000)
B4 CFRP 7.5 1.23Mcr 102 x 152 2286 15.5 N/A N/A 0.71 0.90 1.50 0.79 0.47
G1 GFRP 15.9 0.3Mn 114 x 184 1828 3 1.79 2.25 0.26 0.60 1.00 0.43 0.26
Gross et al. G2 GFRP 15.9 0.3Mn 114 x 184 1828 3 1.31 1.84 0.40 0.60 1.00 0.67 0.40
(2006) C1 CFRP 9.5 0.3Mn 114 x 184 1828 3 2.43 2.86 0.18 0.60 1.00 0.30 0.18
C2 CFRP 9.5 0.3Mn 114 x 184 1880 3 2.79 3.18 0.14 0.60 1.00 0.23 0.14
B1-F1 GFRP-1 9.5 1.42Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 7.24 2.69 0.37 0.84 1.40 0.44 0.26
B2-F1 GFRP-1 9.5 1.42Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 7.84 3.64 0.59 0.84 1.40 0.70 0.42
B1-F2 GFRP-1 9.5 1.42Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 7.50 3.19 0.43 0.84 1.40 0.51 0.31
B2-F2 GFRP-1 9.5 1.42Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 8.02 3.56 0.44 0.84 1.40 0.52 0.31
B1-F3 GFRP-2 9.5 1.42Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.80 2.27 0.33 0.84 1.40 0.39 0.24
B2-F3 GFRP-2 9.5 1.42Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 7.41 3.18 0.43 0.84 1.40 0.51 0.31
B1-F4 GFRP-3 12.7 1.79Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 7.87 2.85 0.36 0.84 1.40 0.43 0.26
B2-F4 GFRP-3 12.7 1.79Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 7.21 2.94 0.41 0.84 1.40 0.49 0.29
Current B1-F5 GFRP-4 12 1.88Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 5.43 1.72 0.29 0.84 1.40 0.35 0.21
results
B2-F5 GFRP-4 12 1.88Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 5.50 1.59 0.30 0.84 1.40 0.36 0.21
(2010)
B1-F6 GFRP-5 15.9 1.90Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 5.82 2.58 0.44 0.84 1.40 0.67 0.40
B2-F6 GFRP-5 15.9 1.90Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.23 3.23 0.56 0.84 1.40 0.52 0.31
B1-F7 GFRP-6 15.9 1.88Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.85 2.49 0.36 0.84 1.40 0.42 0.25
B2-F7 GFRP-6 15.9 1.88Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.53 2.72 0.35 0.84 1.40 0.43 0.26
B1-F8 CFRP-1 9.5 2.00Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.09 2.51 0.44 0.84 1.40 0.52 0.31
B2-F8 CFRP-1 9.5 2.00Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 5.98 2.65 0.41 0.84 1.40 0.49 0.29
B1-F9 CFRP-2 9.5 2.09Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.12 3 0.49 0.84 1.40 0.58 0.35
B2-F9 CFRP-2 9.5 2.09Mcr 100 x 150 1500 12 6.25 2.68 0.43 0.84 1.40 0.55 0.33
Average for earlier studies 0.79 0.48 67
Average for current study 0.49 0.30
Average for all values 0.61 0.36
Can ada
Continued
Crack width evolution:
Crack width evolution and crack-

pattern for GFRP-5 reinforced
concrete beams 68
Can ada
Continued
Crack width evolution (continued):
Number Number
Crack Ratio Number of
Percentage of of Crack
Reinforcement Initial crack width (@ 12 cracks
Specimen (width cracks cracks spacing after
type width (mm) after 12 months/ after 3
increase) after 6 after 1 one year (S)
months limit) months
months year
B1-F1 GFRP-1 0.4 0.58 45 0.82 4 7 8 125
B2-F1 GFRP-1 0.3 0.5 67 0.70 3 6 9 88.5
B1-F2 GFRP-1 0.30 0.50 69 0.70 5 8 9 87.5
B2-F2 GFRP-1 0.42 0.63 51 0.88 4 8 8 85
B1-F3 GFRP-2 0.23 0.52 129 0.72 4 4 7 95
B2-F3 GFRP-2 0.20 0.45 125 0.63 5 6 7 97.5
B1-F4 GFRP-3 0.18 0.41 134 0.58 5 8 12 105
B2-F4 GFRP-3 0.15 0.37 147 0.52 6 9 11 95
B1-F5 GFRP-4 0.20 0.41 105 0.58 4 7 10 105
B2-F5 GFRP-4 0.21 0.40 90 0.56 5 8 10 120
B1-F6 GFRP-5 0.21 0.35 67 0.49 4 6 10 120
B2-F6 GFRP-5 0.19 0.35 86 0.49 3 7 11 105
B1-F7 GFRP-6 0.33 0.42 28 0.58 4 8 9 95
B2-F7 GFRP-6 0.20 0.38 90 0.53 5 7 11 90
B1-F8 CFRP-1 0.41 0.50 22 0.70 3 6 8 125
B2-F8 CFRP-1 0.28 0.44 55 0.61 4 5 9 115
B1-F9 CFRP-2 0.28 0.42 48 0.58 4 7 10 117.5
B2-F9 CFRP-2 0.28 0.40 41 0.56 4 6 9 137.5
B1-F10 Steel 0.04 0.13 213 0.33 2 4 7 90
B2-F10 Steel 0.02 0.08 275 0.2 1 3 5 90
Average crack widths for tested beam samples 69
Can ada
Continued
Crack width modeling:
Frosch (1999) Gergely-Lutz (1968)
2
s
w  2  kt kb  r d  
2
c w  2.2  kt kb r (d c A)1/3
2
Measured versus calculated crack widths after one year using

optimal kb and kt values 70
Can ada
• The initial deflection of FRP reinforced beams is on average

3.3 times that of the steel reinforced beams. As regards long
term deflection after one year, the long-term to initial
deflection percentage is 41% and 94% on average for FRP-
RC beams and steel reinforced beams, respectively.
• Regarding immediate deflection for FRP-RC, the CAN/CSA

S806-02 curvature method was inferior by 10%, on average;
ISIS Canda Design Manual (2007) over estimated FRP-RC
immediate deflection by 11%; ACI 440.1R-06 significantly
underestimated the measured deflection results (by 67%).
71
Can ada
Continued
• The long term deflection multiplier method (λ), indicated in

ACI 440.1R-06 and CAN/CSA S806-02, significantly over-
predicts the long-term deflection values of the current FRP-
RC beams. The long-term to initial deflection ratio, on
average, was conservative by 51% and 70%, respectively.
• The crack width prediction equations adopted Frosch

(1999) and Gergely Lutz (1968) yield satisfactory results
when kb (bond-coefficient factor) is 1.2 and 1.0 respectively.
From the obtained data, the time-dependent kt multiplier is
deduced as 1.7 and 1.5 for both models, respectively
72
Part 2-2 Can ada
MODELING THE LONG-TERM DEFLECTION OF

FULL-SCALE GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS UNDER UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD
73
Objectives
Can ada
• Provide necessary data and analysis regarding the

long-term behaviour (strains, deflection and crack
width) of full-scale GFRP-RC beams under
constant uniform distributed load.
• Observe the effect of (i) type of compression

reinforcement (GFRP or steel), (ii) Concrete
compressive strength and (iii) tensile
reinforcement ratio on the long-term deflection of
full-scale GFRP-RC beams.
74
PART 2-2: MODELING THE LONG-TERM DEFLECTION OF FULL-SCALE GFRP-RC BEAMS UNDER UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Objectives
Can ada
Continued
• Theoretical prediction of GFRP-RC long-term

deflection using two methods: (i) the empirical
method adopted by CAN/CSA S806-02 and ACI
440.1R-06 and (ii) a numerical approach based on
the age-adjusted effective modulus method.
• Compare the measured initial crack width and

time-dependent crack width evolution to the
predictions of currently available crack width
models adopted in North American codes.
75
Can ada
(1)
(2) (3)
(5) (6)
(4)
Block Load
LVDT
on Instrumented
stand beams
Wires connected to
acquisition system
Support
Sequence of Events 76
Can ada
Continued
Applied load = 12.5 kN/m'

Load Magnitude :
Msus = 14 - 22% of Mn
35 No. 10M @ 200 mm 35
2 No. 10 M or 3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm
400 mm
200 200 200 200
5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm or 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm
236 3810 236
4282 mm
Study Parameters :
3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 2 No. 10 M 2 No. 10 M
• Reinforcement ratio
No. 10 M No. 10 M No. 10 M No. 10 M
@ 200 mm @ 200 mm @ 200 mm @ 200 mm
400
400
400
• Upper reinforcement
25
25
25
25
5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm
215 215 215 215
Beam A Beam B Beam C Beam D
• f’c (compressive strength)

Sustained load tests on full scale beams
(215x400x4282 mm)
77
Can ada
Continued
Material and beam details: Reinforcement

type
GFRP-1 Steel (10M)
Diameter (mm) 9.5 11.3

Area (mm2) 71 100
fu,ave (MPa) 854±34 N/A
fy (MPa) N/A 412
Ef,ave & Es (GPa) 46.9±1.2 201
εu, ave* 18232±767 N/A
ε*fu * 15931 N/A
Beam Beam A Beam B Beam C Beam D
Concrete f’cu (MPa) 36 36 32 32
Bottom Reinf. 5 GFRP (9.5 mm) 8 GFRP (9.5 mm) 8 GFRP (9.5 mm) 5 GFRP (9.5 mm)
Top Reinf. 3 GFRP (9.5 mm) 3 GFRP (9.5 mm) 2 steel No. 10 M 2 steel No. 10 M
Abottom-reinf (mm2) 355 (5 bars) 568 (8 bars) 568 (8 bars) 355 (5 bars)
Reinf. Ratio (%) 0.44 (balanced) 0.7 (over-reinf) 0.7 (over-reinf) 0.44 (balanced)
Mcr (kN.m) 17.2 17.2 15.4 15.4
Mn (kN.m) 106 163 160 105
Ma (kN.m) 23 23 23 23
Ma / Mcr 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5
Ma / Mn (%) 21.6 14.1 14.4 21.9
Casting Date 10/12/2007 10/12/2007 7/12/2007 7/12/2007
Loading Date 13/5/2008 13/5/2008 10/5/2008 10/5/2008 78
 total
initial
LL

Can ada
Continued
Immediate and long-term deflection results:
CSA S806-02
ACI 440.1R-06 ISIS Canada
(20
(βd = 0.2 ρf/ ρfb) Design Manual
Top Bottom increments)
ρfrp Δi,exp (2007)
Beam reinforce- reinfor f’c Δ=ʃψdx
ment cement (%) (mm) Δi,theo Δi,theo / Δi,theo Δi,theo / Δi,theo Δi,theo /
(mm) Δi,exp (mm) Δi,exp (mm) Δi,exp
ratio ratio ratio
A 3 GFRP-1 5 0.44 36 3.67 1.27 0.35 3.58 0.97 4.06 1.11
B 3 GFRP-1 8 0.7 36 2.83 1.21 0.43 2.58 0.91 2.93 1.04
C 2 10M 8 0.7 32 4.49 1.32 0.29 3.03 0.67 3.37 0.75
D 2 10M 5 0.44 32 5.21 1.39 0.27 4.27 0.82 4.74 0.91
Average 0.33 0.84 0.95
Δlong-term/ ΔInitial Ratio

Total λ = ξ / (1+50mρ’) (Exp/Pred)
Initial Long-term
Bottom ρfrp deflectio
Top deflection deflection
Beam Rft f’c n (%) (%) ACI CSA ACI CSA
Rft (%) Δinitial Δlong-term Exp
(GFRP-1) Δtotal (440) (S806) (440) (S806)
(mm) (mm) (a)
(mm) (b) (c) (a)/(b) (a)/(c)
A 5 0.44 36 3.67 3.14 6.81 0.096 0.179 0.86 0.70 1.16 1.22 0.74
3 GFRP-1
B 8 0.7 36 2.83 2.21 5.04 0.074 0.132 0.78 0.70 1.16 1.12 0.67
C 8 0.7 32 4.49 3.27 7.76 0.118 0.204 0.73 0.65 1.10 1.12 0.66
2 – 10 M
D 5 0.44 32 5.21 3.46 8.67 0.137 0.228 0.66 0.65 1.10 1.02 0.60
Average 1.12 0.67
79
Can ada
Numerical Modeling (Deflection):

ACI Committee 209
(t  t0 )0.6
 (t , t0 )  ucorr
10  (t  t0 )0.6
     (t , t0 )   cs (t , t0 ) 
CEB-FIP Model 1990  y 

    (t , t0 )   cs (t , t0 ) 2c 
 (t , t0 )  RH  ( f cm )  (t 0 )  c (t  t 0 )corr  rc 
Ic A I
rc2  ;  c;  c
Ac A I
Brown (1997)
ϕcorr = 0.55 Ec (t0 )
Ec (t , t0 ) 
1   (t , t0 ) (t , t0 )
 i (t ) L2
i 
9.6
80
Can ada
Continued
Long-term deflection evolution graphs:
Experimental versus empirical and numerical deflection results

(Beams C A and D)
B) 81
Can ada
Continued
Crack width evolution:
1 month
3 months
6 months
4282 mm
Beam A
Crack width evolution Crack propagation (Beam A)
82
Can ada
Continued
Crack width modeling:
Frosch (1999) Gergely-Lutz (1968)
2
s
w  2  kt kb  r d  
2
c w  2.2  kt kb r (d c A)1/3
2
Measured versus calculated crack widths after one year using

optimal kb and kt values 83
Can ada
• Immediate deflection was predicted using ACI 440.1R-06

CSA S806-02 and ISIS Canada (2007). On average, all
methods underestimated the measured deflection values by
67%, 16% and 5%, respectively; ISIS Canada (2007)
empirical equation rendered the best (most conservative)
results.
• The beams with higher f’c (12% more) exhibited less initial
deflection than their counterparts with compression steel
reinforcement (a difference of 22% approximately).
84
Can ada
Continued
• The numerical model based on CEB-FIP Model Code 1990
and ACI Committee 209 gave very good predictions when a
correction factor (ϕcorr = 0.55) is multiplied to the ultimate
creep coefficient.
• The (convenient) empirical λ - multiplier method (ACI 440.1R-
06 and CAN/CSA S806-02) gives good long-term deflection
results; serving as lower boundary and upper boundary
curves, respectively.
• The former crack width prediction equations yield
satisfactory results when kb is 1.2 and 1.0 respectively; kt
multiplier is deduced as 1.4, after six months. 85
Recapitulation
Can ada
• This comprehensive effort, comprising of four separate

studies, aims to contribute to the long term behaviour of
FRP reinforcement as well as FRP-RC beams.
• The extensive experimental program comprises of 99 FRP
samples (Part I) and 24 FRP-RC beams (Part II) where the
overall long-term behaviour is observed and subsequent 86
analysis is conducted.
Recapitulation
Can ada
Continued
Part I (Creep and creep rupture of FRP bars):
• Creep evolution curves were generated, for six
types of FRP bars, illustrating the long term
(10000 hour) performance of a variety of FRP bars
under different sustained load levels.
• Up to 45% f u,ave , creep rupture ceases to be a
concern; creep rupture took place at 60% f u,ave for
two types of GFRP at different durations.
• Residual tensile tests show negligible changes in
the tensile strength and Young’s modulus.
Microstructural analysis: No microcracks were 87
found for load levels 45% f u,ave and below.

Recapitulation
Can ada
Continued
Part II (Third-point loaded beams):
• After one year of sustained loading, initial
deflection of FRP-RC beams is 3.3 times
that of steel reinforced beams. Long-term
to initial deflection percentage is 41% and
94% for FRP-RC beams and steel
reinforced beams, respectively.
• Crack width prediction equations yield
satisfactory results when kb is taken as 1.2
and 1.0 for Frosch (1999) and G-L (1968),
respectively. The kt multiplier is deduced as
88
1.7 and 1.5 for both models, respectively.
Recapitulation
Can ada
Continued
Part II (Uniform distributed load beams):
• Four full-scale GFRP-RC beams were
experimented under uniform sustained
load for long-term duration.
• Numerical (finite-difference) modeling
yielded very good agreement with
measured long-term deflection values.
• The multiplier method (ACI 440.1R-06 and
CAN/CSA S806-02) gives good long-term
deflection prediction; serving as lower
boundary and upper boundary curves, 89
respectively.
Recommendations for Future Work
Can ada
• Conduct further creep-rupture tests in accordance with Annex J

in CSA S806-02 and B.8 in ACI 440.3R-04 on #2 (6.4 mm) bars to
calculate the million-hour creep rupture capacity.
• Conduct further creep-rupture tests on conditioned bars to infer
upon the partial reduction factors related to different
environments (alkalinity; moisture; cementitious environment).
• A parametric study is needed on the long-term behaviour of FRP-
RC beams with different reinforcement ratios under different
sustained load levels.
• Examine the long-term behaviour of FRP-RC beams exhibiting
environmental adversities such as freeze-thaw cycles and
90
elevated temperatures.
Acknowledgements
Can ada
 Prof. Brahim Benmokrane.

 Prof. Ehab Elsalakawy & Dr. Sherif El-Gamal.
 Prof. Kenneth Neale.
 Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of
Canada (NSERC).
 Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les
technologies (FQRNT)
 ISIS Canada.
 Pultrall Inc. (Thetford Mines, Quebec, Canada) and FRP
manufacturers.
91
 Technical Staff at the University of Sherbrooke.
Acknowledgements
Can ada
Continued
 My parents.
 My brother, sister, in-laws, nephews and nieces in
Canada.
 My extended family in Canada, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and
UAE.
 My friends/brothers who helped me genuinely with my
research work (Dr. Hussein Abdel Baky and Dr. Ehab
Ahmed).
92
THANK YOU
Can ada
93
Can ada
Questions
94
Anticipated Questions and Answers
Can ada
95
ANTICIPATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1-Thesis Defense - Tarik Youssef-July30-2010-3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1-Thesis Defense - Tarik Youssef-July30-2010-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Sherbrooke, Department of Civil Engineering

Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

July 30th, 2010

TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR OF FRP BARS AND

Tarik Youssef, M.Sc, P.Eng

Prof. Brahim Benmokrane, Ph.D, P.Eng

• Part 2: Long-term Performance of FRP Reinforced

Main Body of the Thesis

Part 1-1 Part 1-2 Part 2-1 Part 2-2

• FRP reinforcement has gained popularity for its

• The Canadian government has invested significantly in

• An abundance of field applications (bridges, highway

Wotton Bridge (2001)

Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement

• The majority of research conducted in universities and

• Durability of FRP is still an area that lacks ample

• Plastic deformation due to sustained

• Increases long-term deflection for Time Elastic

FRP reinforced elements and may lead

Typical strain history curve during

• Long-term behaviour of FRP-RC beams: Gross et al.

FRP creep-rupture stress limits

Maximum allowable stress in FRP bars (CAN/CSA S6-06)

Fiber type GFRP AFRP CFRP

FRP-reinforcement creep rupture stress limits (ACI 440.1R-06)

FRP-RC deflection prediction

Schematic of concrete beam deflection with time

Long term deflection equations in design guides

Crack width limits and prediction equations for FRP-RC:

• CAN/CSA S806-02 implicitly allows crack widths of 0.20 in.

• The most popular equations for crack width prediction are

The main objectives of this study are categorized as:

1- GFRP Reinforcing Bars

2- FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams

GFRP “Y” #3 & #5

Physical properties of FRP bars

Mechanical properties of FRP bars

Swivel head Upper lever arm

Lower lever arm

Threaded steel Load Calibrating

Applied load = 12.5 kN/m'

35 No. 10M @ 200 mm 35

200 200 200 200

5 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm or 8 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm

236 3810 236

3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 3 GFRP Ø 9.5 mm 2 No. 10 M 2 No. 10 M

No. 10 M No. 10 M No. 10 M No. 10 M

215 215 215 215 19

Aerial view of the FRP Durability Facility

Data Acquisition System P-3500 Deformometer

Part 1: Material Behaviour

LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP BARS

• Infer upon the residual tensile properties (tensile

LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP BARS

• Part 1-1: Creep Behaviour and Residual Properties

• Part 1-2: Long-term Performance of Different Types

LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP BARS

Applied levels of sustained load (Percentage of average

Bar Type 15% 30% 45% 60%

GFRP X (9.5 mm)

LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF FRP BARS

A total of 99 GFRP creep and creep rupture samples