Pearson iGCSE PHYSICS Mr Jason Zang

Unit 5 Thermodynamics 第五单元 热学

1. State the formula linking density, mass and volume

mass
density =
volume

2. State the formula linking pressure difference, height, gravitational field strength and
density
pressure difference=height × gravitaional field strength× density

3. State what is meant by the term specific heat capacity

 Energy ¿ change temperatureby 1 degree Celsius
 Per kilogram of mass

4. Describe the changes to the arrangement and motion of particles when the liquid
nitrogen changes state to nitrogen gas
 Particles much further apart
 Particles have higher kinetic energy
 Particles move more randomly

5. State the formula linking pressure, force and area

force
pressure=
area

6. Describe the motion of particles in a solid, a liquid and a gas

 Solid : particles vibrate at a ¿ point ; stacked neatly together
 Liquid : particles can passthrough each other ; stacked less neatly together thansolid
 Gas : particles move randomly ; no volume∨shape

7. Describe how energy stored in the fuel is transferred to the water

 Chemical energy of fuel released by burning
 Turnsinto heat energy
 Absorbed by water through conduction

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Pearson iGCSE PHYSICS Mr Jason Zang

8. Explain, in terms of particles, why the pressure of the trapped gas increases as
temperature increases
 Particles speed up
 More frequent collision withthe wall
 Each collision with the wallis harder
 Increasing the force

9. Hailstones are small pieces of ice that sometimes fall to the ground during storms.
Describe how to determine the density of a hailstone, assume hailstones are

spherical. [regular shaped objects 规则体积怎么办]

 Measure mass
 With a balance
 Measure diameter
 With a meter ruler
 Repeat reading∧take average
 Use formula¿ find volume of a sphere
 Use density =mass /volume

10. Describe how to obtain accurate measurements of the mass and the volume of the
rock [irregular shaped object 不规则体积怎么办]

 Measure mass first

 Because a wet rock weighs more
 With a balance
 Use the displacement method ¿ measure volume
 Use a measuring cylinder
 Read volume at eye level
 Make sure rock is completely submerged
 Put rock ∈gently

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Pearson iGCSE PHYSICS Mr Jason Zang

11. Describe how the student could use their apparatus to help determine the specific
heat capacity of the substance

 Measure current∧voltage ¿ work out power P=VI

 Use ammeter∧voltmeter
 Measure temperatureincrease∧timetaken
 Find total energy E=Pt
 Measure mass of substance
 Use a balance
E
 c=
m∆θ
 Plot a temperature−time graph
P
 Use gradient so that c =
m × gradient

12. Describe, in terms of particles, what is happening in the substance when the graph
line is horizontal (solid to liquid)

 Bonds between particles are weakened∨broken

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Pearson iGCSE PHYSICS Mr Jason Zang

 Particles go ¿ regularly packed ¿ irregularly packed

 Particles go ¿ vibrating ¿ sliding past each other
13. Discuss why conduction is the main way that thermal energy is transferred from the
dog to the water

 Dog∧water are at different temperatures

 Dog∧water ∈ physical contact so conduction islikely
 No movement of particles ¿ dog ¿ water so no convection
 Dog∧bag are both solid so no convection possible
 Not much radiationas dog∧bag are at similar temperature

14. Describe the changes in arrangement and motion of the molecules in liquid water
and the molecules in steam
 Liquid has molecules that are close together
 Gas has widely spread molecules
 Liquid has molecules that slide past each other
 Gas molecules move randomly

15. Explain why the outer surface of the tile is painted white

 White is a poor absorber∧good reflector

16. Explain how the small pockets of trapped air help to reduce thermal energy transfer
from the outer surface to the inner surface of the tile
 Air is a good insulator

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Pearson iGCSE PHYSICS Mr Jason Zang

 Reduces convection
 Trapped air cannot circulate
17. Give the value of absolute zero in °C
−273 ° C

18. Using ideas about particles, explain why the air pressure inside the tyre is lower on a
cold winter day than on a warm summer day.
 Particles move more slowly at lower temperature
 Particles collide with wallless often
 Particles collide with wallless force

19. The air pressure in the tyre is 270 kPa when the air temperature is 20 °C. On
a cold winter day, the temperature is 2 °C. Determine whether the tyre
pressure warning light will show in the car on the cold winter day. [assume
tyre volume does not change]
p1 p2
[When using p1 V 1=p 2 V 2 or = , change the temperature into Kelvin! 用理想气体
T1 T2

压强, 体积, 温度之间的关系的时候, 把温度的单位换算成开尔文!]

20. Explain why the gas in the container cannot be cooled below a temperature of −273
°C
 −273 ° C is absolute zero
 Speed / KE/ pressure would be zero at this temperature

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Pearson iGCSE PHYSICS Mr Jason Zang

21. Describe how the air molecules in the container exert a pressure on its inner walls
 Molecules collide with walls
 Collision provide forces on the wall
 Force per unit area gives a pressure

22. Explain why the egg moves down into the flask and then stops moving

 Air∈flask cools
 Molecules∈flask slows down
 Pressure∈the flask decreases
 Pressure outside flask greater thaninside
 Resultant force pushesegg downthe neck of the flask
 Volume of air inside the flask decreases as the egg moves down
 Pressure inside the flask increases
 Pressure inside∧outside balances
 Resultant force is now zero