Chapter 9 - Solids and Fluids

Chapter 9: Solids and Fluids
Inhalation Exhalation
Heart
Pressure
Intraocular eye pressure can be read

with a tonometer
Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 1

Contents
A.1 States of Matter
A.3 Density and Pressure
A.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth
A.5 Pressure Measurements
A.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle
A.7 Fluids in Motion (equation of Continuity, Bernoulli’s

equation)

Introduction Section 9.1
An understanding of the fundamental properties of these

different states of matter is important in all the sciences,
in engineering, and in medicine
o Fluids under pressure can perform work, or they

can carry nutrients and essential solutes, like
the blood flowing through our arteries and veins.
o Flowing gases cause pressure differences that

can lift a massive cargo plane or the roof off a
house in a hurricane.

States of Matter Section 9.1
| Solid
| Liquid
| Gas
| Plasma
Ø Solids, liquids, gas
• Predominant on Earth
Ø Plasma
• Predominant in the universe
Ø This Chapter introduces basic properties of solids

and liquids
• Includes some properties of gases
1. Solids
Ø Have definite volume
Ø Have definite shape
Ø Molecules:
1. are held in specific location
by electrical forces
2. vibrate about equilibrium
positions
3. Can be modeled as springs
connecting molecules

Ø Crystalline solid
o Atoms have an ordered

structure
o Example is salt
- red spheres are Na+ ions,
- blue spheres represent Cl-
ions
Ø Amorphous Solid
o Atoms are arranged randomly
o Example: glass

o Fluids: substance that can flow (gases, liquids)
o Fluids conform with the boundaries of any

container in which they are placed
o Fluids lack orderly long-range arrangement of

atoms and molecules they consist of
o Fluids can be compressible and incompressible

2. Liquids
Ø Have a definite volume
Ø No definite shape
Ø Exist at a higher temperature

than solids
Ø The molecules wander

through the liquid in a random
fashion
Ø The intermolecular forces are

not strong enough to keep the
molecules in a fixed position
3. Gases
Ø Have no definite volume
Ø Have no definite shape
Ø Molecules are in constant random

motion
Ø The molecules exert only weak forces

on each other
Ø Average distance between molecules is

large compared to the size of the
molecules
States of matter: Phase Transitions
ICE WATER Gas
Add Add
heat heat
These are three states of matter

4. Plasma
Ø Gas heated to a very high temperature
Ø Many of the electrons are freed from the nucleus
Ø Result is a collection of free, electrically charged

particles
- Negatively charged electrons
- Positively charged ions
Ø Plasma: is a highly ionized state of matter
containing equal amounts of positive and negative
charges
Ø Plasmas exist inside stars or experimental

reactors
Summary
Add heat

Density and Pressure Section 9.3
Is there a concept that helps to

distinguish between those states
of matter?

Density
| The density of a substance of uniform
composition is defined as its mass per unit
volume:
4
Vsphere = π R 3
3
m
= r some examples: Vcylinder = π R 2
h
V Vcube = a 3
Units
SI kg/m3
CGS g/cm3 (1 g/cm3=1000 kg/m3 )


Example: Section 9.3
Blood as a fraction of body weight

The body of a man whose weight is 690 N contains about 5.2 × 10-3
m3 of blood. The density of blood is 1060 kg/m3.
a. Find the blood’s weight.
b. Express it as a percentage of the body weight.
Solution:
m = ρV

A ton of feathers and a ton of bricks

• Have the same mass, but the feathers make a much bigger pile
>>>>> Feathers have a much lower density

Q1. Calculate the mass of a deep breath (inhalation) of

air having a volume of 2.00 L?
Q2. Discuss the effect of inhalation has on your

body’s volume and density.

| The densities of most liquids and solids vary slightly

with changes in temperature and pressure
| Densities of gases vary greatly with changes in

temperature and pressure
| Under normal conditions, the densities of solids and

liquids are about 1000 times greater than the
densities of gases
{ This difference implies that the average spacing
between molecules in a gas under such conditions
is about 10 times greater than in a solid or liquid.

Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of a substance: is the ratio of its
density to the density of water at 4°C
o The density of water at 4° C is 1000 kg/m3
Specific gravity is a unitless ratio
Example: if the specific gravity of a substance is 3.0,

its density is :
3.0(1.0 ×103 kg/m3 )= 3.0 ×103 kg/m3

Pressure
Ø The force exerted by a fluid on a
submerged object at any point is
perpendicular to the surface of the
object.
Ø The force exerted by the fluid on the

walls of the container is perpendicular
to the walls at all points and increases
with depth.
| If F is the magnitude of a force exerted perpendicular to a
given surface of area A , then the pressure P is the force
divided by the area:
F Units
Pº SI Pascal (Pa=N/m2)
A
F The effect of a given force depends critically on

Pº the area to which it’s applied
A
Example:

ü This pressure Corresponds to 14.7 lb/in2
Question
As you climb a mountain, your ears “pop” because of the

changes in atmospheric pressure. In which direction,
outward or inward, does your eardrum move
a) as you climb up? Outward
b) as you climb down? Inward

Variation of Pressure with Depth Section 9.4
Pressure & Depth

| If a fluid is at rest in a
container, all portions
of the fluid must be in
static equilibrium
| All points at the same

depth must be at the F1= F2 static equilibrium
F1 > F2 non-equilibrium
same pressure
(otherwise, the fluid
would not be in Flow from the higher
pressure region to the lower
equilibrium) pressure region
Pressure & Depth

Three external forces act on the region
of a cross-sectional area A (extends
from position y1 to position y2 below
the surface of the liquid):
1. Downward force P1A exerted by

the fluid above it
2. Upward force P2A exerted by the

liquid below it
3. Force of gravity, Mg

Pressure & Depth
!"
∑ F = 0 ⇒ P2 A − P1A − Mg = 0,
but: M = ρ V = ρ A(y1 − y2 )
⇒ P2 = P1 + ρ g(y1 − y2 )
External forces: atmospheric, weight, normal

Pressure & Depth

The pressure P at any depth h = (y1- y2 ) = (0 - y2 ) below the
surface of the water:
P0 : atmospheric pressure
P = Po + ρ gh { P0=1.013 x 105 Pa
The pressure P at a depth h below the surface of a liquid open

to the atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure by
the amount ρgh.
Ø One atmosphere 1 atm:
The pressure equivalent to 76.0 cm column of
mercury at 0 ºC (g = 9.806 m/s2, density of
mercury= 13.595 ×103 kg/m3 )
Ø One atmosphere 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa
Pressure & Depth

P = Po + ρ gh
Since points A, B, C, and D
are at the same distance h
beneath the liquid surface
v The pressure at each of

them is the same
The pressure does not depend upon the

shape of the container

Example: Find pressure at 100 m below ocean surface
Given:
P = P0 + ρ H 2O gh, so
h=100 m
P = 1.01×10 5 Pa + (10 3 kg m 3 ) ( 9.8 m s 2 ) (100 m )
Find: ≈ 10 6 Pa (10 × atmospheric pressure)

P=?

Example: The Physics of Blood Pressure
Blood in the arteries is flowing, but as
a first approximation, the effects of
this flow can be ignored and the
blood treated as a static fluid.
Estimate the amount by which the
blood pressure P2 in the anterior tibial
artery at the foot exceeds the blood
pressure P1 in the aorta at the heart
when a person is
a) reclining horizontally as in Figure a

and
b) standing as in Figure b.
Example: The Physics of Blood Pressure
Solution: When the body is

horizontal, there is little or no
vertical separation between the
feet and the heart. Since h= 0 m
When an adult is standing up, the

vertical separation between the feet
and the heart is about 1.35 m, the
density of blood as 1060 kg/m3

Pascal s Principle (by French Scientist Blaise Pascal)
A change in pressure applied to an enclosed

fluid is transmitted undiminished to every
point of the fluid and to the walls of the
container

Pascal s Principle (by French Scientist Blaise Pascal)

The hydraulic Lifts is an important
application of Pascal s Principle
P1 = P2 + ρ g(0)
F1 F2
Because P1= P2 P= =
A1 A2
a small force F1 at the left produces a
much larger force F2 at the right
That’s why a large load, such as a
car, can be moved on the large
piston by a much smaller force on
the smaller piston
Also used in hydraulic brakes,
forklifts, car lifts, etc
Example 9.7
In a car lift used in a service station, compressed air exerts a force on a small
piston of circular cross section having a radius of r1= 5.00 cm. This pressure
is transmitted by an incompressible liquid to a second piston of radius r2
=15.0 cm.
(a) What force must the compressed air exert on the small piston in order to
lift a car weighing 13 300 N? Neglect the weights of the pistons.

Example 9.7
(b) What air pressure will produce a force of that magnitude?
(c) Show that the work done by the input and output pistons is the same?

Pressure Measurements Section 9.5
1. open-tube manometer
n A simple device for measuring
pressure
n One end of a U-shaped tube
containing a liquid is open to the
atmosphere
n The other end is connected to a
system of unknown pressure P
n PB= P0 + ρgh
P > P0 è h (+ve)
n P = PB = PA = P0 + ρgh
P < P0 è h (-ve)
P = P0 + ρgh ( Absolute Pressure ) Right-hand column is
lower than the left-
n P – P0= ρgh ….. Gauge pressure hand column
2. Barometer
n A long closed tube is filled with
Mercury & inverted in a dish of
mercury
PA = Pvac + ρ gh
n The closed end is nearly
vacuum, so Pvac = 0 Pa
n PA= PB = Patm B
A
h: height of the mercury in the tube, 760

Patm = 0 + ρ gh mm (29.9 inches)
ρ: density of mercury 13.595×103 kg/m3
Patm = 0 + ρ gh
Note:
Ø barometer measures the pressure of the atmosphere
Ø manometer measures pressure in an enclosed fluid

Distinction between gauge pressure and absolute pressure
The gauge pressure is the amount by which the

container pressure differs from atmospheric pressure
P – P0= ρgh
The absolute pressure : the actual value for P

Buoyant Forces & Archimedes Principle Section 9.6
Archimedes’ principle
• When an object is partially or fully submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts an

upward force, called the buoyant force, on the object.
• This force is just the net difference in pressure between the top and bottom
of the object.
• It can be shown that the magnitude of the buoyant force B is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or

Case I: A Totally Submerged Object

The upward buoyant force acting on the object (B) is:
Vobj is the volume of the object
The downward gravitational force acting on the object has a magnitude equal
to w:
W=

The net force on the object is:
A. A totally submerged object that is

less dense than the fluid in which it is
submerged is acted upon by a net
upward force.
B. A totally submerged object that is
denser than the fluid sinks.

Case II: A Floating Object
The upward buoyant force is balanced by the
downward force of gravity acting on the
object.
W=
Vfluid is the volume of the fluid displaced by the object (which corresponds to
the volume of the part of the object beneath the fluid level)
Fluids in Motion Section 9.7
Certain aspects of a fluid in motion can be understood by assuming:
1. The flow rate through the pipe is a constant, which is equivalent to

stating that the product of the cross-sectional area A and the speed v at any
point is constant. At any two points, therefore, we have
This relation is referred to as the equation of continuity

2. The sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and the
potential energy per unit volume is the same at any two points along a
streamline:

Bernoulli’s equation
The work W2 is negative because the force on the fluid at the top is opposite its displacement.
The net work done:
Part of this work goes into changing the fluid’s kinetic energy, and part goes
into changing the gravitational potential energy of the fluid–Earth system.
The change in kinetic energy of the volume of
fluid is
The change in the gravitational potential energy

is



Medical Applications Pressures in the Body
11.4 Blood Pressure & Pressure vs. Distance from the Heart.
11.8 Intravenous Supply of Nutrients, Blood and Drugs
Solved Problems: 11.1, 11.2, 11.9, 11.10, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16,
11.19
Exercises:

Chapter 9 - Solids and Fluids

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Chapter 9: Solids and Fluids

Intraocular eye pressure can be read

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 1

A.1 States of Matter

A.3 Density and Pressure

A.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth

A.5 Pressure Measurements

A.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle

A.7 Fluids in Motion (equation of Continuity, Bernoulli’s

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 2

An understanding of the fundamental properties of these

o Fluids under pressure can perform work, or they

o Flowing gases cause pressure differences that

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 3

Ø This Chapter introduces basic properties of solids

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 5

o Atoms have an ordered

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 6

o Fluids: substance that can flow (gases, liquids)

o Fluids conform with the boundaries of any

o Fluids lack orderly long-range arrangement of

o Fluids can be compressible and incompressible

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 7

Ø Exist at a higher temperature

Ø The molecules wander

Ø The intermolecular forces are

Ø Have no definite shape

Ø Molecules are in constant random

Ø The molecules exert only weak forces

Ø Average distance between molecules is

States of matter: Phase Transitions

ICE WATER Gas

These are three states of matter

Ø Many of the electrons are freed from the nucleus

Ø Result is a collection of free, electrically charged

Ø Plasmas exist inside stars or experimental

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 12

Is there a concept that helps to

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 13

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 14

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 15

Blood as a fraction of body weight

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 16

A ton of feathers and a ton of bricks

>>>>> Feathers have a much lower density

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 17

Q1. Calculate the mass of a deep breath (inhalation) of

Q2. Discuss the effect of inhalation has on your

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 18

| The densities of most liquids and solids vary slightly

| Densities of gases vary greatly with changes in

| Under normal conditions, the densities of solids and

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 19

o The density of water at 4° C is 1000 kg/m3

Specific gravity is a unitless ratio

Example: if the specific gravity of a substance is 3.0,

3.0(1.0 ×103 kg/m3 )= 3.0 ×103 kg/m3

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 20

Ø The force exerted by the fluid on the

F The effect of a given force depends critically on

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2022 22

ü This pressure Corresponds to 14.7 lb/in2

As you climb a mountain, your ears “pop” because of the