CHAPTER 1 Additional Materials: (PSA)

Civil Engineering embodies professionals who 1) Plastic

design, construct, maintain, inspect and 2) Soils
manage. (DCMIM) 3) Aluminum
1) railroads
2) high-rise office buildings Civil Engineering Structures: (DBRFLW)
3) sewage treatment centers 1) Dams
2) Bridges
3) Roads
The construction maybe: 4) Foundations
• Underground or above ground 5) Liquid-Retaining Structures
• offshore or inland 6) Water front Structures
• over mile deep valleys or flat terrains
• rocky mountains or clayey soil BASIC MATERIALS ARE SELECTED FOR THEIR
((PA)²)
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) • Properties
• origin of profession of Civil Engineer • Performance
• oldest national engineering in US (1852) • Availability
• Aesthetic
The most ambitious and historically significant
projects throughout the history of civilization, Secondary Construction Materials (SAFFD)
were built: - also called non structural materials
• to satisfy human needs for transportation, • Sealants
water, shelter and disaster control • Adhesive
• Floor and wall coverings
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
• Fasteners
- sometimes called structural materials
• Doors and windows
Basic Materials: (WCBSR)
1) Wood - derive from trees. Pieces of lumber
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
obtained from the log
Materials used for highway should have: (ARS)
2) Concrete - made with portland cement
• Adequate Strength
Portland Cement - use in the manufacture of
• Rough Surface
many other construction materials
• Sufficient Rigidity
3) Bitumens - combined with other raw
materials in the construction of pavements
Water-retaining structure: (ICSD)
4) Structural clay and concrete units - called
• Impermeable
bricks and blocks. Principal elements in the
• Crack-free
construction of masonry walls
• Strong
5) Reinforcing and Structural steel - shapes for
• Do not react with water
the construction of railroad, high rise building
etc.
Road surface can be built using materials that:
(SWE)
• show little movement under load Thermal - represents the behavior of a material
• water resistant under heat and temperature
• easy to repair Electrical conductivity - measures its electrical
resistance or how strongly it resists electric
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS current.
1) Physical properties - derived from properties Magnetic permeability - E and M are needed in
of matter or physical structure materials used in electric works. The measure of
Include: 9 magnetization produced in a material in
• Density response to an applied magnetic field.
• Porosity or voids Acoustical - such as sound transmission and
• Moisture content sound reflection are important in selecting
• Specific gravity materials that should provide sound resistance.
• Permeability Optical properties - such as light transmission
• Structure (micro & macro) and light reflection are essential in determining
• Texture the energy consumption capacity of a material.
• Color
• Shape “The goal of engineering design should be to
select the best material for a particular job”
Evaluate materials in terms of: (APW²)
• Appearance Load - a solid body subjected to external forces
• Weight Stresses - the internal forces which act between
• Permeability consecutive particles
• Water retention - proportional to the external loads.
- measures the force acting on a unit area of an
2) Mechanical properties - measure the imaginary section through the body
resistance of a material to applied load or Deformation - the change in length
forces. Measure the deformation capacity or - use to indicate the change in form of body
stiffness.
Strength - is a measure of the maximum load Strain - the deformation per unit length.
per unit area. - The ratio between the change in length and
Deformation capacity or stiffness - is measured the length along which the change is measured
in terms of elastic modulus called gage length.

3) Chemical properties - are those pertaining to

the composition and potential reaction of a
material. Describe the chemical nature of the
material. Explain the way a meterial behaves in
a certain environment.
OTHER IMPORTANT PROPERTIES IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING (TEMAO)
Shearing stress - is produced by forces that
tend to slide particle upon another.
- it acts along or parallel to the cross sectional
plane.
Shear deformation - the change in length
measured parallel to the direction of the shear
force
Shear strain - shear deformation per unit length
perpendicular to the direction of the shear
force
- the change in angle between the two sides
and is expressed in radius.
Bending stress - (normal or flexural strees) is
produced by external forces that create bending
moment.
- due to the action of bending moment, one
side of the cross sectional has tensile stresses
and other has compressive stresses.
Poisson's Ratio - when a body is stretch in one
direction, it contracts in the perpendicular
direction and when it is compressed in one
direction, it extends in the other direction.
Volumetric deformation - the change in the
volume of a material
Volumetric strain - ratio between change in
volume and initial volume
Change volume = (l)(b)(d)(1-2pr)e'
Where;
l,b,d - dimensions of the member
pr - Poisson's ratio
e' - axial strain
Volumetric strain = (1-2pr)e'
Stiffness - a measure of a relative deformability
of a material under load
The greater the stress needed to produce a
known strain, the stiffer is the material
- the stiffness of a material is measured in terms
of its modulus of elasticity
Elasticity - the property of a material that
enables it to change its length, volume, or form
in direct response to the force applied and to
recover its original size or form when the load is
completely removed.
Elastic limit - the maximum stress below which
a material will fully recover its original form on
removal of the applied forces
- the greatest stress that can be applied without
causing a permanent deformation
- the proportional limit or yield point of a
material
Concrete, brick, stone - low elastic limit
Most metals - elastic limit is high
Proportional limit - the maximum stress which
deformation continues without an incrase load
Yield strength - the stress at which upon
removal of the load, the material displays a
specified amount of offset.
Modulus of elasticity - also called elastic
modulus and coefficient of elasticity
- the ratio of stress to corresponding strain
below the proportional limit
- in tension or compression also called Young's
modulus
E = f/e'
Where;
f - stress
e' - strain
Modulus of elasticity in shear - the ratio
between shear stress and shear strain
Ultimate strength - the maximum stress that
can be applied to a material before it fractures.
- the highest point on the stress strain curve.
DUCTILE AND BRITLE MATERIALS
Plasticity - the property of a material that
enables it to retain permanent set or
deformation without fracture
- the opposite of elasticity
2 Classes of construction material
1) plastic or ductile materials
2) brittle materials
Ductility - is a property that allows the material
to undergo change of form without breaking
Toughness - the ability of a material to support
loads even after yielding or forming cracks
Brittleness - expresses breakage with a
comparatively smooth fracture
SELECTION OF MATERIALS (CSB³)
1) Carry the prescribed load
2) Satisfy serviceability requirements
3) Be aesthetically pleasing
4) Be practically economical
5) Be environmentally acceptable
Standards developed by various groups and
recognized by many user agencies in the US:
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
• National Forest Products Association (NFPA)
• Portland Cement Association (PCA)
• American Concrete Institute (ACI)
• American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC)
• American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
• Brick Institute of America (BIA)
• American Society for Testing Materials
(ASTM)
Standardization has helped us in choosing the
right material in a given situation without the
need for individual testing of any number of
possible materials.