The Architects International

Vol 1, Issue 1 - 2018

METHODS OF STRENGTHENING REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES AND INTRODUCTION TO THE
METHOD OF FRP SHEET REINFORCEMENT
KAVEH OSTAD-ALI-ASKARI*, VIJAY P SINGH**, NICOLAS R DALEZIOS***,
THEODORE C CRUSBERG****

ABSTRACT

Many construction buildings and Structural barrier members that was built
before 90s in USA, they weren’t designed for Seismic resistance until Federal
Emergency Management Agency FEMA started to do seismic evaluation and
rehabilitation and suggested reinforcement methods. In this article we evaluate
FRP sheet reinforcement.

KEYWORDS: Reinforcement Reinforced Concrete Structures, FRP.

INTRODUCTION

There is a lot of progress in the field of
earthquake engineering and structure design in
the recent years, so that today we can design
earthquake resistant structures with more
assurance. Because of reasons like calculating
errors, mistakes in implementation, weaknesses
in old regulation, changing structural use and
operation loads, corrosion of armatures and etc.
A lot of reinforced concrete structures cannot
satisfy the criteria of regulation, therefore
suggesting methods of reinforcement,
refinement and rehabilitation for this structures
is necessary.
REHABILITATION
Generally global or local structure rehabilitation
is divided into three main parts: 1-strengthening
2-retrofitting 3-repairing mainly in structure
rehabilitation changing this parameters below
have more attention toward them and each one
will have a crucial part in improvement of
structures performance.1-strength enhancement
2-increase in stiffness 3-reduce displacement 4-
ductility enhancement 5-increase in energy
absorption.
STRENGTHENING
As mentioned in synopsis and introduction, many
structures need reinforcement cause of various
reasons such as financial and sociological
problems.

*
Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
**
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M
University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2117, U.S.A.
***
Laboratory of Hydrology, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece & Department of
Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
****
Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, U.S.A.
Correspondence E-mail Id: editor@eurekajournals.com

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Methods of Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Structures and Introduction to the Method of FRP Sheet
Reinforcement - Kaveh OAA et al. 2

EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN CHOOSING REPAIR

STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES
Sometimes some structural or non-structural
There is multiple factors in choosing members will be damaged because of
strengthening techniques: phenomenon like fire, earthquake, passing heavy
vehicles, rebar corrosion, accidents with vehicles
1. Cost versus importance of the structure. and etc. and they will need repairing in order to
2. Available workmanship. gain their main performance.
3. Duration of work\disruption of use.
4. Fulfillment of the performance goals of WHAT IS FRP
owner.
5. Functionally and aesthetically compatible and FRP is a kind of composite material consisting of
complementary to the existing structures two parts of reinforced fibers that is surrounded
6. Reversibility of intervention. by a polymer resin matrix.
7. Performance level of quality control. The fibers can be in one or two perpendicular
8. Political and historical significance. stretches. Generally there is two types of FRP
9. Structural compatibility with the existing
structural system. 1. FRP sheets.
10. Irregularity of stiffness strength and ductility. 2. FRP rebar.
11. Control damage to non-structural
The behavior of FRP sheets is orthotropic or semi-
components.
orthotropic, that means the modulus of elasticity
12. Sufficient capacity of foundation system.
is different when it's on the same direction as the
13. Repair materials and technology available.
fibers or when its perpendicular.
SOME OF THE STRENGTHENING
Generally, the performance of one composite
METHODS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE depends on: 1- it's materials 2- the proportion of
STRUCTURES its material 3-bearing capacity of its fiber and
placement of them 4- the constructive behavior
1. Concentric or existence steel braces.
with each other and etc. the function of
2. Post-tensioned cables.
reinforcement fiber is under influence by: 1- the
3. Shear walls.
direction of the fibers 2- length of the fibers 3- its
4. Masonry in filled.
shape 4- mixing with resin matrix and the
5. Base isolator.
adhesion between the two 5- type of the fiber
6. Steel jacketing.
the main role of matrix is: 1-transfering shear
7. Frp laminates or frp wrapping.
force from reinforcement fiber to the nearby
8. Concrete armor.
material 2- protecting the fiber from
9. frictional-hysteretic and viscoelastic
environmental conditions 3-avoid mechanical
dampers.
damages 4-controlling stressed fiber top buckling.
RETROFITTING REASONS TO USE FRP
Retrofitting is the process of changing and
1- Bulk production method.
improvement of designing parameters using
2- Usage in various industries like aircraft and
available sections.
automobile manufacturing.

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3 Vol 1, Issue 1 – 2018
3- Modified production methods that increased
strength and decreased costs.
4- Optimize mixing fiber and resin matrix for
better orientation with each other and
concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF USING FRP IN
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
1. High durability.
2. Being lightweight.
3. Characteristics resistance and higher
modulus.
4. Corrosion resistance.
5. Environmental and chemical resistance.
6. Magnetic inertia.
7. Impact resistance.
8. Low thickness.
9. Easy transportation.
10. Easy sheet implementation.
11. Economic justification for heavy projects.
12. Clean finished surface.
SOME USAGE OF FRP
1. Increase bearing capacity and plasticity of
columns, beams, slabs and reinforced
concrete connections.
2. Strengthening of steel and concrete tanks.
3. Strengthening the marine structures.
4. Strengthening the anti-explosion structures.
5. Strengthening the wooden beams and
columns.
6. Strengthening the reinforced concrete
chimney with building material.
7. Strengthening the reinforced concrete walls.
8. Strengthening the tunnel walls.
9. Strengthening the concrete or steel pipes.
10. Strengthening the brick walls and traditional
material.
11. Building coast walls.
12. Industrial roof tops.
13. Reactors equipment seat.
14. Slab floor system in chemical corrosive
environment.
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The Architects International
15. Repairing and strengthening important
structures like hospitals and historical places.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRP IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
1. FRP rebar.
2. FRP cover.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRP COVERS BASED
ON PRODUCTION
1. Handmade covers and vet layup.
2. Pre made composite sheets.
3. Pultrusion sheets: in this process the sheets
pass through a thermal chamber and in the
meantime it goes under stretching.
NEW COMPOSED SYSTEMS
Sometimes for structure rehabilitation or
strengthening methods for example recently
Prof. J.G. Teng presented column model FCSDS
that consists of one internal steel pipe and one
external FRP cover and the space between them
is filled with concrete. We see that this column
doesn’t have the same problem as steel pipes
because it doesn’t buckle under stress caused by
concrete cover, on the other hand the concrete is
surrounded FRP cover and ultimate bearing
capacity and ultimate strain will greatly increases.
STRENGTHENING THE STRUCTURAL
BARRIER MEMBERS WITH FRP SHEET
FRP sheets is used for buckling, shear and torsion
reinforcement and mixing them with bearing
members like beams, columns, connections, walls
and reinforced concrete slabs and even non-
bearing members. Recently the FRP sheets even
used for reinforcement of steel profiles and for
best use, it will be used in pre stressed mode in
reinforcement system.
1. Buckle and shear reinforcement for beams
for controlling thematic breakdown like lack
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Methods of Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Structures and Introduction to the Method of FRP Sheet
Reinforcement - Kaveh OAA et al.
of link and adhesiveness at the end of the
beam in buckle reinforcement mode, straps
or U type sheets will be used for sticking on
the end closure of the beam. in shear
reinforcement mode we can use integrated
pattern sheets or laminates and strips like
figure 8. The sheet type used for buckle
reinforcement (CFRP laminate) is different
than the one used for shear reinforcement
(GFRP laminate).
FRP straps or even FRP sheets can be used in
different angles specially 45 for controlling
shear cracks and in various layers even two
perpendicular layers.
2. Column reinforcement
Methods of column reinforcement are:
• Spiral rebar
• Circular screwing and wrapping
• Using composite straps\cables
• Automatic spiral rebar
• Gluing pre-made sheets
• Injecting glue or matrix
in case of rectangle columns the shape of FRP
sheet make less enclosure so these columns will
be filled by concrete in order to become circular
and after that they wrapped by FRP sheets.
3. Enhance the connection and slap system or
bridge deck
We can strengthen the reinforced concrete
connections that are sensitive and it's difficult to
strengthen them, using FRP sheets.
CONCLUSION
1. Using FRP sheets and rebar for reinforcement
and rehabilitation of concrete reinforced
structures is increasing everyday so
theoretical and laboratorial researches are
needed.
2. Because our country located faults that have
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4
high chance of earthquake the importance of
reinforcement and seismic structure design
has main priority.
3. Exploring various methods of strengthening
and comparing them with each other in order
to find the best way focusing on economic
and social conditions of a location is
necessary.
REFERENCE
[1]. Jong Wha Bai “Seismic Retrofit for
Reinforced Concrete Building Structures"
Consequence-Based Engineering) CEB (-
Institute Final Report-Texas University-
August 2003.
[2]. Jianhua Liu “Rehabilitation of Seismically
Deficient Reinforced Concrete Structures-
State of the art” university of Alberta; An
Interdisciplinary Journal 2006.
[3]. Jack P. Moehle “State of Research on
Seismic Retrofit of Concrete Building
Structures in the US” Pacific Earthquake
Engineering Research Center University of
California, Berkley; US-Japan Symposium
and Workshop on Seismic Retrofit of
Concrete Structures-State of Research and
Practice.
[4]. Giorgio Monti “Seismic Upgrade of
Reinforced Concrete Columns with FRP”
University Spienza Roma, Italy.
[5]. Michael N. Fardis “Seismic Assessment and
Retrofitting of Existing Buildings According
to Euro code 8” Dept. of Civil Engineering
of Patras, Greece, Fifth National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering 26-
30 May 2003, Istanbul, Turkey.
[6]. Tetsuo Yamkawa, Mehdi Banazadeh ,
Shogo Fujikawa “ Emergency Retrofit of
Damaged RC Columns Right after Seismic
Attack Using Pre-Tensioned Aramid Fiber
Belts” 1st Conference on Application of FRP
Composite in Construction and
Rehabilitation of Structures May 4, 2004,
Tehran, Iran.
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5 Vol 1, Issue 1 – 2018
[7]. Ghassan K. Al. Chaar and Georgy E. Lamb
"Design of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Materials for Seismic Rehabilitation of
Infilled Concrete Structures "- December
2002- US Army Corps of Engineering-
Research and Development Center.
[8]. F.M. Mazzolani; G.Della Corte; B. Faggiano
“Full Scale Testing and Analysis of
Innovative Techniques for Seismic
Upgrading of RC Buildings “.
[9]. Ali Sehat Tabatabaei “Energy Dissipation
systems for seismic resistance” Iran civil
center website.
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The Architects International
[10]. T. Yamakawa, K. Nasrollahzadeh Nesheli, H.
Satoh “Seismic Retrofitting of RC Columns
Using Restressed Aramid Fiber Belts”
Fourth International Conference of
Earthquake Engineering and Seismology
12-14 May 2003 Tehran, Iran.
[11]. M. Sadoughi Yarandi, M. Saatcioglu
“Seismic Retrofit of Rectangular Concrete
Column with Splice Deficiencies by External
Restressing” Fourth International
Conference of Earthquake Engineering and
Seismology 12-14 May 2003 Tehran, Iran.
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