Electrical Machine Drives

Dr. Arsalan Arif

Electrical machinery Fundamentals

Stephen J. Chapman

Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Generator
Synchronous generators or alternators are synchronous machines used to convert mechanical power to ac electric power.
• They have a large diameter and
short axial length.
• Poles are laminated to reduce
eddy current losses.
• These are employed with
hydraulic turbines or diesel
engines.
• Salient-pole rotors are normally
used for rotors with four or more
poles.
• They are of small diameter and of very long
axial length to reduce the peripheral velocity
• This type of construction offers fewer
windage losses 𝑛𝑚 𝑝
𝑓  𝑒 =
• High speeds are obtained i.e., 1500 to 3000 120
rpm.
• Better in dynamic balancing and quiter in • To generate 60-Hz power in a
operation. two-pole machine, the rotor must
• This type of construction is mechanically turn at 3600 r/min.
• To generate 50-Hz power in a
very strong compared to the salient pole type.
• Non--salient-pole rotors are normally used four-pole machine, the rotor must
for two- and four-pole rotors turn at 1500 r/min.
Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator
𝐸
  𝐴 =𝐾 𝜑𝜔

 For a given phase voltage and armature current, a larger internal

generated voltage is needed for lagging loads than for leading
Unity PF
loads.
Therefore, a larger field current is needed with lagging loads to
get the same terminal voltage.
Alternatively, for a given field current and magnitude of load
current, the terminal voltage is lower for lagging loads and
higher for leading loads.

Lagging PF

Leading PF
Power of Synchronous Generator

In Generator Mechanical power is converted in Electrical power

𝑃
  𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =𝜏 𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜔 𝑚=3 𝐸 𝐴 𝐼 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾

Real Electrical Power of generator is given by

𝑉  𝑇 =√ 3 𝑉 φ

𝑃
  𝑜𝑢𝑡 =√ 3 𝑉 𝑇 𝐼 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑃
  𝑜𝑢𝑡 =3 𝑉 φ 𝐼 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑄
  𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √ 3 𝑉 𝑇 𝐼 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑄
  𝑜𝑢𝑡 =3 𝑉 φ 𝐼 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Power of Synchronous Generator

 If the armature resistance is ignored (since » )

𝐸
  𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿=𝑋 𝑆 𝐼 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃= 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝐴
𝑋𝑆

𝑃
  𝑜𝑢𝑡 =3 𝑉 φ 𝐼 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

  3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝑃=
𝑋𝑆

Torque on Synchronous Generator

𝑃=
  𝜏 𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∗𝜔 𝑚

 𝜏 ∗= 3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑋 𝑆 ∗ 𝜔𝑚
Synchronous motor
• High Efficiency
• Used in high precession applications

[1]
Synchronous motor

[1]

𝑛𝑚 𝑝
𝑓  𝑒 =
120
Equivalent circuit of Synchronous Motor

𝑉  φ =𝐸 𝐴 +𝑋 𝑠 𝐼 𝑎 +𝑅 𝑎 𝐼 𝑎 𝑉  φ =𝐸 𝐴 − j 𝑋 𝑠 𝐼 𝑎 − 𝑅 𝑎 𝐼 𝑎

𝐸  𝐴 =𝑉 φ − j 𝑋 𝑠 𝐼 𝑎 − 𝑅 𝑎 𝐼 𝑎

 • In a generator, lies ahead of and lies ahead of

• In a motor, lies behind and lies behind
3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝜏  𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
𝑋 𝑆 ∗ 𝜔𝑚

•  Larger the field current and hence the greater the maximum torque.
Synchronous Torque Speed Curve

The steady-state speed of the motor is constant from no

load all the way up to the maximum torque that the motor
can supply (called the pullout torque), so the speed
regulation 0 %

3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝜏  𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
𝑋 𝑆 ∗ 𝜔𝑚
 Effect of Load changes on Synchronous Motor  𝐸 𝐴 5
 𝐸 𝐴 4
3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝜏  𝑖𝑛𝑑 =  𝐸 𝐴 3
𝑋 𝑆 ∗ 𝜔𝑚

 𝐸 𝐴 2
𝐸
  𝐴 =𝐾 𝜑𝜔

 • Load on motor has been increased so will increase

• remains constant
• So magnitude of remains constant.
• But with , the values increases, shifts.
• So the P.F angle increases (negative decrease) and it  𝐼 𝐴 5
moved from lagging to leading  𝐼 𝐴 4
 𝐼 𝐴 3
 𝐼 𝐴 2
Lagging PF
Effect of Load changes on Synchronous Motor
 Effect of Field Current changes on Synchronous Motor

3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝜏  𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
𝑋 𝑆 ∗ 𝜔𝑚

𝐸
  𝐴 =𝐾 𝜑𝜔
 • Increase in field current increases the magnitude of but does not
affect the real power supplied by the motor
 • When field current increase, also increase.
• It can only do so by sliding out along the line of constant
power
• first decrease, become in phase with (unity P.F) and then
increases ( leading P.F), acting like capacitive circuit,
(supplying reactive power to system)

 𝐼 𝐹  𝐸 𝐴  𝐼 𝐴  𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
  𝐿  𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃 . 𝑓

𝑈  𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃 . 𝐹

 𝐼 𝐹  𝐸 𝐴  𝐼 𝐴  𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
  𝐿  𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃 . 𝑓
 Effect of Field Current changes on Synchronous Motor

3 𝑉 φ 𝐸 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
𝜏  𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
𝑋 𝑆 ∗ 𝜔𝑚

𝐸
  𝐴 =𝐾 𝜑𝜔
 • Increase in field current increases the magnitude of but does not
affect the real power supplied by the motor

  field currents less than the value giving minimum , the armature current is
For
lagging, consuming Q.
For field currents greater than the value giving the minimum , the armature current is
leading, supplying Q to the power system just like a capacitor.
Therefore, by controlling the field current of a synchronous motor, the reactive power
supplied to or consumed by the power system can be controlled.
Synchronous motor
• Power factor correction
• Voltage regulation
• Constant speed constant load drives
•One of the major advantage of using synchronous motor is
the ability to control the power factor.
•In synchronous motor the speed remains constant
irrespective of the loads. This characteristics helps in
industrial drives where constant speed is required
irrespective of the load it is driving.
•Synchronous motors can be constructed with wider air
gaps than induction motors which makes these motors
mechanically more stable
•Synchronous motors usually operate with higher
efficiencies ( more than 90%) especially in low speed and
unity power factor applications compared to induction
motors
•Synchronous motors requires dc excitation which
must be supplied from external sources
•Not self starting motors and needs some arrangement
for its starting and synchronizing
•The cost per kW output is generally higher than that
of induction motors
•These motors cannot be used for variable speed
applications
•When loading on the synchronous motor increases
beyond its capability, the synchronism between rotor
and stator rotating magnetic field is lost and motor
comes to halt