RULES OF VALID SYLLOGISMS

All crows are black.

The bird in my cage is black.
The bird in my cage is a crow.
All cats are felines.
All cats are mammals.
Therefore, all mammals are felines.
All dogs are mammals
No cats are dogs
Therefore, no cats are mammals
Some plants have flowers.
Some plants have torns.
Therefore, some flowers have torns?.
No man is an island.
A dog is not a man.
A dog is not an island.
A student is an active being.
An active being is passionate.
Therefore a student is not passionate.
FIGURES AND MOODS OF A SYLLOGISM

Categorical syllogisms have four possible figures

depending on the position of the middle term.
The mood of a syllogism is determined by the quality and quantity of the constituent premises. Since the quality
and quantity of any premise is reflected by its logical form, the mood of a given syllogism is obtained by writing
the logical form of each of the constituent premises.

TYPE OF PROPOSITIONS USED (A,E,I,O)

I Barbara all M is P; all S is M: all S is P

I Celarent no M is P; all S is M: no S is P

I Darii all M is P; some S is M: some S is P

I Ferio no M is P; some S is M: some S is not P

II Cesare no P is M; all S is M: no S is P

II Camestres all P is m; no S is M: no S is P

II Festino no P is M; some S is M: some S is not P

all P is M; some s is not M: some S is not

II Baroco
P
III Darapti all M is P; all M is S: some S is P

III Disamis some M is P; all M is S: some S is P

III Datisi all M is P; some M is S: some S is P

III Felapton no M is P; all M is S: some S is not P

III Bocardo some M is not P; all M is S: some S is not P

III Ferison no M is P: some M is S: some S is not P

IV Bramantip all P is M; all M is S: some S is P

IV Camenes all P is M; no M is S: no S is P

IV Dimaris some P is M; all M is S: some S is P

IV Fesapo no P is M; all M is S: some S is not P

IV Fresison no P is M; some M is S: some S is not P

Examples of Figures and Moods
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

BARBARA
No reptiles have fur.
All snakes are reptiles.
Therefore, no snakes have fur.

CELARENT
All kittens are playful.
Some pets are kittens.
Some pets are playful.

DARII
No homework is fun.
Some reading is homework.
Some reading is not fun.

FERIO
No healthy food is fattening.
All cakes are fattening.
No cakes are healthy.

S – SIMPLE CONVERSION
P – PARTIAL CONVERSION
M – INTERCHANGE PREMISES
C – CONTRADICT CONCLUSION

CESARE – CELARENT

No fattening is healthy food .

All cakes are fattening.
No cakes are healthy.
All horses have hooves.
No humans have hooves.
No humans are horses.

S – SIMPLE CONVERSION
P – PARTIAL CONVERSION
M – INTERCHANGE PREMISES
C – CONTRADICT CONCLUSION

CAMESTRES – CELARENT

No hooved animals are humans. E

All horses have hooves. A
No horses are humans. E
All informative things are useful.
Some websites are not useful.
Some websites are not informative.

S – SIMPLE CONVERSION
P – PARTIAL CONVERSION
M – INTERCHANGE PREMISES
C – CONTRADICT CONCLUSION

BAROCO – BARBARA

All informative things are useful.

All websites are informative.
All websites are useful.
No tree is edible.
Some trees are green.
Some green things are not edible.

S – SIMPLE CONVERSION
P – PARTIAL CONVERSION
M – INTERCHANGE PREMISES
C – CONTRADICT CONCLUSION

FERISON – FERIO

No tree is edible.
Some green things are trees.
Some green things are not edible.
All colored flowers are scented.
No scented flowers are grown indoors.
No flowers grown indoors are colored.

S – SIMPLE CONVERSION
P – PARTIAL CONVERSION
M – INTERCHANGE PREMISES
C – CONTRADICT CONCLUSION

CAMENES – CELARENT

No scented flowers are grown indoors.

All colored flowers are scented.
No colored flowers are grown indoors.
No humans are perfect.
All perfect creatures are mythical.
Some mythical creatures are not human.

FESAPO – FERIO

No perfect creatures are human.

Some mythical creatures are perfect.
Some mythical creatures are not human.