TE GTU Study Material Presentations Lecture-4 26112020061851AM

Transportation Engineering (TE)
GTU # 3150611
Unit-2
Highway Material - BITUMEN
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki

Civil Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
ujjval.solanki@darshan.ac.in
9924100758
Points to be discussed in Chapter 2_B
1. Highway materials
A. Sub grade soil
B. Aggregates/Metal/Black trap metal (BT-Metal) (Kapchi)
C. Binder/ Bitumen/Asphalt
2. 1. Bituminous Paving mixes ( Bituminous mix)
3. Cement and Cement concrete – their engineering and physical properties,
basic tests….learnt in semester 4.. Will not discuss
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 9

Cross section of Flexible pavement
Carriage way
Shoulder Shoulder
Wearing Course
Binder Course
Base Course
Sub-base Course
Compacted Sub-grade/Borrowed Sub-grade
– Min. 500 mm for NH and 300 mm for Rural Road
Embankment/ Existing Soil
Cross section of Flexible pavement
Shoulder Carriage way Shoulder

Shoulder- Provide support and confinement
Provide Wearing surface
Wearing Course
Bituminous Layer Binder Course Binder course load transfer
Base-Load transfer
Base Course
Non-bituminous layer
Upper subbase-
Granular sub-base : Close Graded- Grade III or IV Drainage layer
Lower sub-base-
Granular sub-base : Open Graded- Grade I or II
separation layer
Compacted Sub-grade/Borrowed Sub-grade
Min. 500 mm for NH and 300 mm for Rural Road
Embankment
Surface/Wearing course -Name Binder course-Name Base course
BC-Bituminous Concrete BM-Bituminous macadam
WBM-Water bound Macadam
SDBC-Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete DBM-Dense Bituminous Macadam
OGPC- Open graded pre-mix carpet
BUSG- Built Up Spray Grout WMM-Wet Mix Macadam
PC-Premix carpet
Materials required for pavement construction
Binder- Binder-
Soil Aggregate
BITUMEN CEMENT
• Used as • Used in • Used in • Used in Dry
subgrade granular sub binder course lean concrete
• Subgrade base • Used in (DLC)
may be • Used in wearing • Used in
borrowed granular base course Pavement
(compacted) course • EMULSION Quality
• Used in • Used for Concrete
bituminous prime coat (PQC)
layer and tack coat

Bitumen

The main objective of this lesson is to
1. Learn about different types of binders used in pavement construction
2. learn how paving grade bitumens are produced
3. Learn about the requirements of a good paving binder
4. Learn about some tests conducted on bitumen to check its suitability

Petroleum product and Bitumen contents
Bitumen Petroleum products contents

Other products
Lubricants
Asphaltene Heavy fuel oil

Maltene
(8 – 16 %) Bitumen
Diesel and other fuel
Jet fuel
Saturate Gesolene
Aromatic Resin
(2 -10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
(40-60 %) (20 -30 %)
%)
Sales

Bitumen
• Bitumen is petroleum product, obtained by the distillation of petroleum crude oil
• Bitumen is hydrocarbon material of either natural or pyrogenous origin found in gaseous, liquid,
semisolid or solid form and is completely soluble in carbon disulphide and in carbon tetra
chloride
• Bituminous materials are commonly used in highway construction ( Binder and surface/wearing
course) because of their binding and water proofing properties
• Term bitumen is originated from the word “Jatu krit” ( Sanskrit word)
• Key constituents of bitumen are
82-88% Carbon 8-11% hydrogen 0-6% Sulpher 0-1.5% oxygen 0-1% Nitrogen
Asphaltants 8-16% Resins -20-30% Aromatics -40-60% Saturates -2-10%

Bitumen Manufacturing company in Gujarat
Shell

Schematic Flow-Chart for petroleum refining

Family of Bituminous Products used in road construction
Modified
Paving grade Cut-back
bituminous Emulsion
bitumen bitumen
Binder
Need heating Need heating No heating is
May or may not
before using in before using in required/ also
required/ slight
road road available with
heating
construction construction modifier
Prepared by
Polymer like Prepared by
Currently using adding volatile
modifiers are dispersing
Viscosity Grade solvent in
added in bitumen in the
Bitumen paving grade
bitumen form of fine
bitumen

Types of Bituminous binder
• Types of Bituminous binders used in Flexible pavement construction
1. Paving grade bitumen
a) Viscosity grade bitumen- VG 10, VG 20, VG 30, VG 40
2. Modified bituminous binder
a) Polymer modified bitumen -PMB
b) Crumb rubber modified bitumen - CRMB
3. Cutback bitumen
a) Rapid curing cutback (RC)
b) Medium Curing cutback (MC)
c) Slow curing cutback ( SC)
4. Bitumen Emulsion
a) Rapid Setting emulsion (RS)
b) Medium Setting emulsion (MS)
c) Slow Setting emulsion ( SS)

Difference between Bitumen and Tar …..GTU
Sr. No BITUMEN TAR

01 Produced from fractional distillation of Produced from coal by destructive distillation
petroleum crude
02 Less temperature susceptible* High temperature susceptible*

03 Used in road construction Not used in road construction
04 Sp. Gravity range 0.97 to 1.02 Sp. Gravity range 1.10 to 1.25
05 More resistance to water Less resistance to water
06 Soluble in Carbon disulphide CS2 and carbon Soluble in Toluene- C7H8
tetra chloride CCl4
07 Free carbon content is less More Free carbon content
*Temperature susceptible means effect of variation in temperature

Modified Binder/Bitumen
 Certain additives or blend of additives called as bitumen modifiers can improve properties of
Bitumen and bituminous mixes.
 Bitumen treated with these modifiers is known as modified bitumen.
 Polymer modified bitumen (PMB) and Crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB)
 The advantages of using modified bitumen are as follows (IRC SP-53)
1. Lower susceptibility to temperature variation
2. Higher resistance to deformation at high pavement temperature
3. Delay of cracking and reflective cracking
4. Better age resistance properties
IS : 15462-2004 Classify the Polymer and Rubber Modified
5. Better adhesion between aggregates and binder Bitumen
1 PMB (P) Plastomeric thermoplastic based
6. Higher fatigue life of mixes 2 PMB (E) Elastomeric thermoplastic based
7. Overall improved performance 3 NRMB Natural rubber and SBR latex based and
4 CRMB Crumb rubber / treated crumb rubber based

Difference between Bitumen-Tar-Emulsion-Cutback
Sr. Bitumen Tar Emulsion Cutback
No
01 Produced from Produced from coal by Prepared by dispersing Prepared by diluting a paving
fractional destructive distillation bitumen in the form of fine grade bitumen with volatile
distillation of globules suspended in WATER solvent such as KEROSENE
petroleum crude with the help of suitable
EMULSIFIER
02 Less temperature High temperature Used for Prime coat and Tack Currently not used in road
susceptible susceptible coat and other cold mix construction activity
03 Used in road Not used in road Available in Available in
construction construction
Rapid setting, Rapid setting,
04 Sp. Gravity range Sp. Gravity range 1.10
0.97 to 1.02 to 1.25 Medium setting and Medium setting and
Slow setting Slow setting

Cutback Bitumen
 Cutback bitumen is liquid bitumen which is manufactured by adding (cutting back) petroleum
solvents to neat bitumen
 It is same like oil paint which can be thinned by adding turpentine
 The viscosity of bitumen reduced by volatile diluents( diesel, kerosene are added) slow,
medium, rapid curing.
 Currently cutback is not used in road construction activity
 There are different types of cutback bitumen like rapid curing (RC), medium curing (MC), and
slow curing (SC).
 RC is recommended for surface dressing and patchwork
 MC is recommended for premix with less quantity of fine aggregates
 SC is used for premix with appreciable quantity of fine aggregates

Emulsion
Bitumen is suspended in finely divided condition in an aqueous medium and stabilized with an
emulsifier produced in slow setting, medium setting and rapid setting.
Currently it is in practice in the field
Used in prime coat and tack coat and other cold mix application Emulsified bitumen
/ Emulsion
Anionic Cationic
Electro- Electro-
negative positively
charged charged

Emulsion Manufacturing

CODAL GUIDELINES FOR BITUMEN

Functions of the binders as Pavement Materials
 Used in Flexible pavement in binder and wearing course to withstand adverse conditions of
traffic and climate
 Used for preparation of bituminous mixes by mixing with selected aggregates in Hot mix or Cold
Mix
 Used in the form of bitumen emulsion as a `prime coat’ and ‘ tack coat’
 May also used in filling the joints and cracks in concrete pavements

Desirable properties of bitumen
1. It should be FLUID ENOUGH at the time of mixing to coat the aggregate evenly by a thin film.
2. It should have LOW TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY
3. It should show UNIFORM VISCOSITY characteristics
4. Bitumen should have GOOD AMOUNT OF VOLATILES in it
5. The bitumen should be DUCTILE AND NON BRITTLE
6. The bitumen should be CAPABLE OF BEING HEATED to the temperature at which it can be easily
mixed WITHOUT ANY FIRE HAZARDS
7. The bitumen should have GOOD AFFINITY TO THE AGGREGATE and should not be stripped off
in the continued presence off water
Bitumen Test Classification
CONSISTENCY
AGING TESTS SAFETY TESTS
TESTS OF
ON BITUMEN ON BITUMEN
OTHER TEST
BITUMEN
Specific Gravity
Penetration Thin film oven Flash and Fire
test on
test (IS:1203- test (ASTM-D- point test (IS:
bitumen (IS:
1978) 1754/IS:9283) 1209-1978)
1202-1978)
Softening
Ductility test
point test
(IS: 1208-1978)
(IS:1205-1978)
Viscosity test: Solubility Test

Absolute and
Kinematic (IS:1212-1978)

Testing of Bitumen
REQUIRED TESTING TO CHECK ITS SUITABILITY (As per IS/ASTM/IRC)

MEASURE
1 Penetration test Hardness or softness
2 Ductility test Adhesiveness
3 Viscosity Test Fluidity
4 Softening point test Temperature susceptibility
5 Specific Gravity test Quality
6 Flash and Fire Point test Hazardous temperature
7 Loss on heating test Amount of volatiles
8 Solubility test Purity/ Quality

1. Penetration test(old grading system)……………………GTU
• It MEASURES the HARDNESS OR SOFTNESS of bitumen by measuring

the depth in tenths of a millimeter ( 1/10 mm) to which a standard
loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
• The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a total weight

of 100 g and time of application of load being 5 seconds
• The test should be conducted at a specified temperature of 25°C.

• A grade of 60/70 bitumen means the penetration value is in the range
60 to 70 at standard test conditions.
• In hot climates, a lower penetration grade is preferred.
VG 10 VG 20 VG 30 VG 40
Penetration at 25°C,
80 60 45 35 IS 1203
100 g, 5 s, 0.1 mm, Min
2. Ductility Test…..GTU
• Bitumen should be sufficiently ductile and capable of being

stretched without breaking
• Ductility is measured as the distance in cm to which standard
briquette of size 10 * 10 mm can be stretched before the
thread breaks at a standard temperature of 27⁰ C and the rate
of elongation is 50 mm/ minute
• Ductility is a measure of adhesiveness and elasticity of
bitumen
• Minimum ductility value as per IS 73: 2013 is 40 cm on
residue from rolling thin film oven -RTFOT for VG 30 grade of
bitumen
VG 10 VG 20 VG 30 VG 40
Ductility at 25°C, cm, Min. on residue from TFOT 75 50 40 25 IS 1208

3. Viscosity Test(New Grading system-VG)
• Viscosity is defined as inverse of fluidity.
• It is also defined as the shear stress applied to a sample of bitumen in Pascal divided by the shear rate per
second
• Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous material and it is a measure of resistance to flow.
• At the application temperature, this characteristic greatly influences the strength of resulting paving mixes.
• Low or high viscosity during compaction or mixing has been observed to result in lower stability values.
• At high viscosity, it resist the compactive effort and thereby resulting mix is heterogeneous, hence low
stability values.
• And at low viscosity instead of providing a uniform film over aggregates, it will lubricate the aggregate
particles.
• The basic unit of viscosity is the Pascal seconds (Pa s).
• The
absolute or dynamic viscosity of bitumen measured in poise , 1Pa s = 10 p (Poise). Kinematic viscosity
measured in Centi stoke ( cSt)

3. Viscosity Test(New Grading system-Viscosity Grade)
• Viscosity is defined as inverse of fluidity.
• It is also defined as the shear stress applied to a sample of bitumen in Pascal divided by the shear rate per
second
• Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous material and it is a measure of resistance to flow.
• At the application temperature, this characteristic greatly influences the strength of resulting paving mixes.
• Low or high viscosity during compaction or mixing has been observed to result in lower stability values.
• At high viscosity, it resist the compactive effort and thereby resulting mix is heterogeneous, hence low stability
values.
• And at low viscosity instead of providing a uniform film over aggregates, it will lubricate the aggregate particles.
• The basic unit of viscosity is the Pascal seconds (Pa s).
• The
absolute or dynamic viscosity of bitumen measured in poise , 1Pa s = 10 p (Poise). Kinematic viscosity
measured in Centi stoke ( cSt)

Viscosity
• Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of a Newtonian Liquid – It is an internal friction such that, if a tangential
force of one dyne (0.00001 N) acting on planes of unit area separated by unit distance of the liquid
produces unit tangential velocity, the cgs unit of the viscosity for the liquid is 1 Poise .
• Kinematic Viscosity of a Newtonian Liquid- It may be defined as the quotient of the absolute or
dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the liquid under test; both at the same temperature. The
cgs unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke which has the dimensions square centimeter per second.
For petroleum products the kinematic viscosity is generally expressed in centistokes (cSt) which is
1/100th of a stoke.
VG 10 VG 20 VG 30 VG 40
IS 1206
Absolute viscosity at 60°C, Poises 800-1200 1600-2400 2400-3600 3200-4800
(Part-2)
IS 1206
Kinematic viscosity at 135°C, cSt, Minimum 250 300 350 400
(Part-3)
Viscosity by Orifice type viscometer Orifice type viscometer -Saybolt Furol
• Orifice type viscometers are used to indirectly

find the viscosity of liquid binders like
cutbacks and emulsions.
• The viscosity expressed in seconds is the time
taken by the 50 ml bitumen material to pass
through the orifice of a cup, under standard
test conditions and specified temperature.
• Viscosity of a cutback or emulsion can be
measured with either 4.0 mm orifice at 25o C
or 10 mm orifice at 25o C or 40o C

Viscosity by Canonmanings viscometer
Viscosity measurement -Apparatus
GLASS TUBE
VISCOSITY BATH
BOOKFIELD VISCOMETER

Absolute viscosity test on VG Grade bitumen
Vaccum-300 mm/Hg
Absolute Viscosity- Glass tube viscometer
Absolute Viscosity : It is carried out at 60⁰ C.

Bitumen is filled up to filling line
Tube is kept in viscosity oil bath, heated up to 135⁰C, ..cool up to
60⁰ C
Vacuum is applied at 60⁰ C @ 300 mm/Hg, Time in second is

noted to cross the bitumen mark F to G and G to H
Viscosity Poises = Kt K= Calibration factor, in poise per second;

and t = flow time, in seconds.
Always report the test temperature and vacuum with the viscosity
test results.
For example, viscosity at 6O°C, 30 cm Hg Vacuum in poises, 1Pa
s = 10 p (Poise).

Kinematic viscosity test on VG Grade bitumen
Kinematic Viscosity- Glass tube viscometer
Kinematic Viscosity : It is carried out at 135⁰ C

Bitumen is filled up to filling line
Tube is kept in viscosity oil bath, heated up to 135⁰C, kept up 30
min
Time in second is noted to cross the bitumen mark E to F
Kinematic viscosity cSt =Ct

C = calibration constant of the viscometer in centistokes per
second, and t = efflux time in seconds
Report always the test temperature along with the results as
follows :
Kinematic viscosity at 60⁰ in cSt

4. SOFTENING POINT TEST
• Softening point denotes the temperature at which the

bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the
specifications of test.
• The test is conducted by using Ring and Ball apparatus. A
brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is suspended
in liquid like water or glycerin at a given temperature.
• A steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sample and the
liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5°C per minute.
Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen touches
the metal plate which is at a specified distance below.
• Generally, higher softening point indicates lower
temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot climates.
VG-10 VG-20 VG-30 VG-40

Softening pointJ. Solanki
Prof. Ujjval (R&B), °C, Min #3150601 (TE) 40Unit 2 – Highway Transportation
45 47 50 IS 1205
41
5. Specific gravity test
 The density of bitumen is greatly influenced by its chemical composition.
 The specific gravity of bitumen is defined as the ratio of mass of given volume of bitumen of
known content to the mass of equal volume of water at 27°C.
 The specific gravity can be measured using either pycnometer / density bottle / preparing a
cube specimen of bitumen in semi solid or solid state
 The specific gravity of bitumen varies from 0.97 to 1.02.

6. Flash and Fire Point test
Close cup
• At high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen
materials leave out volatiles and these volatiles catch fire causing a
flash.
• This condition is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to
qualify this temperature for each bitumen grade.
• BIS defined the flash point as the lowest temperature at which the Open cup
vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash
under specified test conditions.
• The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under specified
test conditions at which the bituminous material gets ignited and
burns.
• Pensky martens closed cup apparatus or open cup used for testing.
Temperature is noted, Flash point 220⁰C Min
1/19/22

6. Flash and Fire Point test
Close cup
 At high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen
materials leave out volatiles and these volatiles catch fire
causing a flash
 This condition is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to
qualify this temperature for each bitumen grade
 BIS defined the flash point as the lowest temperature at which Open cup
the vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of
flash under specified test conditions
 The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under
specified test conditions at which the bituminous material gets
ignited and burns
 Pensky martens closed cup apparatus or open cup used for
testing. Temperature is noted, Flash point 220⁰C Min

7. Loss on heating IS:1212-1978/ Thin Film Oven test-Ageing test
1. When bitumen is heated, it loses the volatiles and get Hot Air
hardened ( sample keep in closed container) Oven
2. To study the effect of heating, an accelerated heating

procedure is adopted
Loss on heating
3. About 50 g of sample is heated to a temperature 163⁰C
for 5 hours in a special oven ( air blowing)
4. After the heating period, the sample is cooled and
weighed again and the loss in weight is expressed as %
by weight of original sample
5. Bitumen used in pavement mixes should not indicate
more than 1 % loss in weight
 If sample keep in dish having top open and same temp
and time duration as per step 3 the same sample used for
visocity and ductility test – called as residue from thin
film oven test
Thin film oven
7. Loss on heating IS:1212-1978/ Thin Film Oven test-Ageing test
• When bitumen is heated, it loses the volatiles
and get hardened.
• To study the effect of heating, an accelerated
heating procedure is adopted
• About 50 g of sample is heated to a
temperature 163⁰C for 5 hours in a special
oven
• After the heating period, the sample is cooled
and weighed again and the loss in weight is
expressed as % by weight of original sample
• Bitumen used in pavement mixes should not
indicate more than 1 % loss in weight

8. Solubility Test IS:1212-1978
• Pure bitumen is completely soluble in solvents like carbon disulphide and carbon
tetrachloride
• Hence any impurity in bitumen in the form of inert minerals, carbon, salts etc.
could be quantitively analyzed by dissolving the samples of bitumen in any of the
two solvents
• A Sample of about 2.0 g of bitumen dissolved in about 100 ml of solvent
• The solution is filtered and the insoluble material retained is washed, the
insoluble material is expressed as a % by weight of original sample
• The insoluble material should be preferably less than 1.0%
• The minimum proportion of bitumen soluble in carbon disulphide is specified as
99%

Paving Grades Method of
Sr.
no. Characteristics VG 10 VG 20 VG 30 VG 40
Test,
Ref to
Penetration at 25°C, 100 g, 5 s, 0.1 mm,

1
Min
80 60 45 35 IS 1203
IS 1206
2 Absolute viscosity at 60°C, Poises 800-1200 1600-2400 2400-3600 3200-4800
(Part-2)
IS 1206
3 Kinematic viscosity at 135°C, cSt, Min 250 300 350 400 (Part-3)
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), °C, IS 1448
4
Min
220 220 220 220 [P : 69]
5 Solubility in trichloroethylene, %, Min 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 IS 1216
6 Softening point (R&B), °C, Min 40 45 47 50 IS 1205
Tests on residue from rolling /thin film

oven test
TEST PROPERTY AND TEST TEMPERATURE
Sr. No Test Name Property tested Test Temperature
01 Penetration test Hardness or Softness 25°C
02 Ductility test Adhesive property/ Affinity 27°C
135 °C-Kinematic viscosity

03 Viscosity test Fluidity
60°C-Absolute viscosity
04 Softening test Temperature susceptibility Need to be measure
05 Specific gravity Quality 27°C
06 Flash and fire point Hazardous temperature Need to be measure
07 Loss on heating Amount of volatiles 163°C
08 Solubility test Detect contamination in asphalt cement 27°C

Selection criteria for VG paving Bitumen based on climatic conditions
Sr. Lowest Daily Mean Air

< 250C 20 to 300C > 300C
No Temperature (0C)
1. More than – 100C VG-10 VG-20 VG-30
2. – 100C or lower VG-10 VG-10 VG-20
1/19/22

Temperature for Construction Operations of bituminous Mix
Bitumen Aggregate Mixed Material Mixed
Bitumen *Rolling
Viscosity Grade Temperature Temperature Material Temperature
Temperature Temperature
VG 40 160-175 160-170 160-170 100 Min.

160-170
VG 30 150-165 150-170 150-165 150-165 90 Min.
VG 20 145-165 145-170 145-165 85 Min.

145-165
VG 10 140-160 140-165 140-160 80 Min

140-160
* ROLLING MUST BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE MAT COOLS TO THOSE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
Temperature for Construction Operations of bituminous Mix
1/19/22

Suitability of Penetration grade with viscosity grade
Viscosity Grade Absolute viscosity

53
Kinematic Penetration Atmospheric
at 60⁰ C, poise viscosity at 135⁰ Grade Temp (oC)
( min.) C, cSt (min)
VG-10 800 250 80/100 15 to 55

VG-20 1600 300 60/70 10 to 55
VG-30 2400 350 50/70 0 to 40
VG-40 3600 400 40/60 -10 to 30
1/19/22

Requirement of Paving grade Bitumen (IS:73)
54
1/19/22

TEST TEMPERATURE
TEST and TEST TEMPERATURE
TEST
FIELD CONDITION
55
56
1/19/22
Transportation
Transportation Engg–Lecture
Engg–Lecture 33 56
56 Darshan
Darshan Institute
Institute of
of Engineering
Engineering && Technology
Technology

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Transportation Engineering (TE)

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 9

Shoulder Carriage way Shoulder

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 12

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 13

1. Learn about different types of binders used in pavement construction

2. learn how paving grade bitumens are produced

3. Learn about the requirements of a good paving binder

4. Learn about some tests conducted on bitumen to check its suitability

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 14

Bitumen Petroleum products contents

Asphaltene Heavy fuel oil

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 15

• Key constituents of bitumen are

Asphaltants 8-16% Resins -20-30% Aromatics -40-60% Saturates -2-10%

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 16

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 17

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 18

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 19

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 20

Sr. No BITUMEN TAR

02 Less temperature susceptible* High temperature susceptible*

07 Free carbon content is less More Free carbon content

*Temperature susceptible means effect of variation in temperature

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 22

Slow setting Slow setting

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 23

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 24

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 25

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 26

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 27

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 28

2. It should have LOW TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY

3. It should show UNIFORM VISCOSITY characteristics

4. Bitumen should have GOOD AMOUNT OF VOLATILES in it

5. The bitumen should be DUCTILE AND NON BRITTLE

Viscosity test: Solubility Test

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 30

REQUIRED TESTING TO CHECK ITS SUITABILITY (As per IS/ASTM/IRC)

4 Softening point test Temperature susceptibility

5 Specific Gravity test Quality

6 Flash and Fire Point test Hazardous temperature

7 Loss on heating test Amount of volatiles

8 Solubility test Purity/ Quality

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 31

• It MEASURES the HARDNESS OR SOFTNESS of bitumen by measuring

• The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a total weight

• The test should be conducted at a specified temperature of 25°C.

• Bitumen should be sufficiently ductile and capable of being

Ductility at 25°C, cm, Min. on residue from TFOT 75 50 40 25 IS 1208

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 34

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 35

Viscosity by Orifice type viscometer Orifice type viscometer -Saybolt Furol

• Orifice type viscometers are used to indirectly

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 37

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 38

Absolute Viscosity : It is carried out at 60⁰ C.

Vacuum is applied at 60⁰ C @ 300 mm/Hg, Time in second is

Viscosity Poises = Kt K= Calibration factor, in poise per second;

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE)  Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 39

Kinematic Viscosity- Glass tube viscometer

Kinematic Viscosity : It is carried out at 135⁰ C